Chinese Translations

Jiang Wan - 蔣琬*

Jiang Wan, styled Gongyan, was from Xiangxiang, Lingling. When capped he and his younger cousin, Liu Min of Quanling, were both famous. [Jiang] Wan as a province secretary followed the Former Lord into Shu, becoming Chief of Guangdu. The Former Lord was once touring and stayed at Guangdu, where he saw that [Jiang] Wan ignored domestic affairs, and at the time was also very drunk, so the Former Lord was very furious and was about to convict and punish him, but the General of Military Advice; Zhuge Liang told him, "Jiang Wan is a pillar of the state and not a talent for hundreds of li. He in governance has the safety of the people as his foundation, not having embellishments* as priority. I hope Your Lordship will be thorough in investigating this." The Former Lord highly respected [Zhuge] Liang, thus he did not punish, but quickly removed him from office, that was all.

* embellishments (脩飾) - refers to petty government affairs.

蔣琬字公琰、零陵湘鄉人也。弱冠與外弟泉陵劉敏俱知名。琬以州書佐隨先主入蜀，除廣都長。先主甞因游觀奄至廣都，見琬衆事不理，時又沈醉，先主大怒，將加罪戮。軍師將軍諸葛亮請曰：「蔣琬，社稷之器，非百里之才也。其為政以安民為本，不以脩飾為先，願主公重加察之。」先主雅敬亮，乃不加罪，倉卒但免官而已。

After [Jiang] Wan was investigated, he dreamt of an ox head in front of gates, shedding blood like rushing water. He extremely feared that [dream] and called and asked a dream diviner, Zhao Zhi. [Zhao] Zhi said, "One who sees blood means that their matters will be very precise. The ox horns and its nose resemble the character Gong 公; sir, your position will certainly reach Excellency! This dream is most auspicious!" Soon after, he became Prefect of Shifang. When the Former Lord became King of Hanzhong, [Jiang] Wan entered [palace] to serve as (shangshulang).

琬見推之後，夜夢有一牛頭在門前，流血滂沲，意甚惡之，呼問占夢趙直。直曰：「夫見血者，事分明也。牛角及鼻，『公』字之象，君位必當至公，大吉之徵也。」頃之，為什邡令。先主為漢中王，琬入為尚書郎。

In the 1st year of the Jianxing era, the Assisting Chancellor; Zhuge Liang was given his own bureau, enlisting [Jiang] Wan to be a (dongcaoyuan). He nominated [Jiang Wan] as Flourishing in Talent, but [Jiang] Wan firmly yielded to Liu Yong, Yin Hua, Pang Yan, and Liao Chun. [Zhuge] Liang replied, "I think betraying relatives and abandoning virtue will exterminate the common people. The masses are thus aware of that in mind, and this indeed also causes the far and near not realize your righteousness. Therefore, you ought to highlight your achievements so as to clarify that your nomination was clear and worthy." He shifted to become military aide.

建興元年，丞相亮開府，辟琬為東曹掾。舉茂才，琬固讓劉邕、陰化、龐延、廖淳，亮教荅曰：「思惟背親捨德，以殄百姓，衆人旣不隱於心，實又使遠近不解其義，是以君宜顯其功舉，以明此選之清重也。」遷為參軍。

In the 5th year, [Zhuge] Liang stayed at Hanzhong. [Jiang] Wan and Chief Clerk Zhang Yi led those in the remaining bureau*.

*留府事 - remaining bureau: Zhuge Liang had his own bureau; the remaining bureau was one half that stayed behind during wartime.

五年，亮住漢中，琬與長史張裔統留府事。

In the 8th year, he replaced [Zhang] Yi as Chief Clerk, also becoming General who Comforts the Army. [Zhuge] Liang often went out [on expeditions] and [Jiang] Wan often had enough food and enough troops to supply. [Zhuge] Liang each time said, "[Jiang] Gongyan has manifested his ambition with loyalty and noblity. He and me should together work on the royal undertaking." He secretly petitioned to the Former Lord, "If I were to perish, future affairs ought to be entrusted to [Jiang] Wan."

八年，代裔為長史，加撫軍將軍。亮數外出，琬常足食足兵以相供給。亮每言：「公琰託志忠雅，當與吾共贊王業者也。」密表後主曰：「臣若不幸，後事宜以付琬。」

When [Zhuge] Liang died, [Jiang] Wan became Prefect of the Secretariat, and soon after also became acting Capital Protector, with temporary tally, and concurrently Inspector of Yi Province, then shifted to Generalissimo, (lushangshushi), and enfeoffed as Marquis of Anyang District. At the time, they recently lost the Prime Marshal, and those far and near felt endangered and frightened. [Jiang] Wan surpassed his sort and stood out, and he was placed superior among officials. He had no worried look, but also had no happy look. His expression and manner was such each day, and thereupon the masses looked and gradually admired him.

亮卒，以琬為尚書令，俄而加行都護，假節，領益州刺史，遷大將軍，錄尚書事，封安陽亭侯。時新喪元帥，遠近危悚。琬出類拔萃，處羣僚之右，旣無戚容，又無喜色，神守舉止，有如平日，由是衆望漸服。

In the 1st year of the Yanxi era, an edict to [Jiang] Wan stated, "The troubles from our enemy have not yet stopped. Cao Rui is arrogant and violent, that the three commanderies of Liaodong suffered from his brutality and tyranny, thus linking together and then separating from him. [Cao] Rui has greatly raised an army and troops, returning to fight together with them. Of old, when the Qin was destroyed, [Chen] Sheng and [Wu] Guang led the rebellion. Now with this change, this is a heavenly time. Sir, you are lawful and strict, and you should command the armies to garrison and stay in Hanzhong. Wait until Wu acts, and then from east and west make horns, exploiting their quarrel [with Liaodong]." And it also ordered [Jiang] Wan to have a separate bureau. The next year, he additionally served as Grand Major.

延熈元年，詔琬曰：「寇難未弭，曹叡驕凶，遼東三郡苦其暴虐，遂相糾結，與之離隔。叡大興衆役，還相攻伐。曩秦之亡，勝、廣首難，今有此變，斯乃天時。君其治嚴，總帥諸軍屯住漢中，須吳舉動，東西掎角，以乘其釁。」又命琬開府，明年就加為大司馬。

The (dongcaoju); Yang Xi was always simple and vague. When [Jiang] Wan and he talked, at the time, he did not reply. Some wanted to provoke [Yang] Xi and [Jiang] Wan, saying, "You and [Yang] Xi talked but did not get reply. [Yang] Xi is arrogant to his superior, isn't that extreme?" [Jiang] Wan said, "People's minds are not the same, like each of their faces. Being face-to-face but afterwards talking, this is what is condemned by ancients. If he wanted to praise my assertion, then [silence] is not his intentions. If he wanted to object my statement, then he would reveal my fault. So when he is silent, it is [Yang] Xi being pleased."

東曹掾楊戲素性簡略，琬與言論，時不應荅。或欲搆戲於琬曰：「公與戲語而不見應，戲之慢上，不亦甚乎！」琬曰：「人心不同，各如其靣；靣從後言，古人之所誡也。戲欲贊吾是耶，則非其本心，欲反吾言，則顯吾之非，是以默然，是戲之快也。」

Also, the Supervisor of Agriculture; Yang Min once defamed [Jiang] Wan, saying, "You handle affairs disorderly. You truly can't compare to your predecessor." Someone had him reported to [Jiang] Wan, the supervisor asking to interrogate and punish [Yang] Min. [Jiang] Wan said, "I indeed am not like my predecessor. There is nothing to interrogate him upon." The supervisor repeated himself but while listened there was no investigation, so he pleaded to ask about the accusation of sloppiness. [Jiang] Wan said, "If I am inferior to [Zhuge Liang], then my matters would not be in order, and if my matters are not in order, then I am sloppy. Why ask again?" Later, [Yang] Min was incriminated in matters and was imprisoned. The masses feared he certainly would die, but [Jiang] Wan's heart was without hatred, so [Yang Min] was able to escape a serious crime. [Jiang Wan's] good intentions and adherence to morality were all of this kind.

又督農楊敏曾毀琬曰：「作事憒憒，誠非及前人。」或以白琬，主者請推治敏，琬曰：「吾實不如前人，無可推也。」主者重據聽不推，則乞問其憒憒之狀。琬曰：「苟其不如，則事不當理，事不當理，則憒憒矣。復何問邪？」後敏坐事繫獄，衆人猶懼其必死，琬心無適莫，得免重罪。其好意存道，皆此類也。

琬以為昔諸葛亮數闚秦川，道險運艱，竟不能克，不若乘水東下。乃多作舟舩，欲由漢、沔襲魏興、上庸。會舊疾連動，未時得行。而衆論咸謂如不克捷，還路甚難，非長策也。於是遣尚書令費禕、中監軍姜維等喻指。琬承命上疏曰：「芟穢弭難，臣職是掌。自臣奉辭漢中，已經六年，臣旣闇弱，加嬰疾疢，規方無成，夙夜憂慘。今魏跨帶九州，根蔕滋蔓，平除未易。若東西并力，首尾掎角，雖未能速得如志，且當分裂蠶食，先摧其支黨。然吳期二三，連不克果，俯仰惟艱，實忘寢食。輙與費禕等議，以涼州胡塞之要，進退有資，賊之所惜；且羌、胡乃心思漢如渴，又昔偏軍入羌，郭淮破走，筭其長短，以為事首，宜以姜維為涼州刺史。若維征行，銜持河右，臣當帥軍為維鎮繼。今涪水陸四通，惟急是應，若東北有虞，赴之不難。」由是琬遂還住涪。

Descendants

His illness became more worse and in the 9th year, he died. His posthumous title was the Respected. His son, [Jiang] Bin, succeeded him, and served as General who Pacifies with Strength, Protector of Army of Hancheng. When Wei's Generalissimo; Zhong Hui arrived at Hancheng, he wrote to [Jiang] Bin, "Bashu has many worthy, intelligent, civil, and military officials. Regarding you, sir, and Zhuge Siyuan, you are examples of grass and trees, and I am likewise. I respect your native place, past and present I praise. From the west I arrived, wanting to respect and gaze upon the esteemed great lords, dukes, and marquises' graves. I ought to sprinkle water* on your ancestors' tombs, offering sacrifices and paying respects. I hope you will tell me where it is!" [Jiang] Bin replied, "I know that us smelling the same means prosperity for my family. Your trust has been communicated and I would not resist your invitation. My deceased father previously departed from a disease, perishing at Fu County. Diviners said there is auspicious, thus we buried him there. I know you, sir, have went west, you wanting to journey to respect his tomb. In looking at my father, it is of Master Yan's benevolence. Hearing your order makes me very mournful, increasing my nostalgia." When [Zhong] Hui got [Jiang] Bin's letter, he admiringly sighed at his intent; when he arrived at Fu, he acted as his message said.

* 洒埽 - sprinkling water: paying respects at a tomb by cleaning it

疾轉增劇，至九年卒，謚曰恭。

子斌嗣，為綏武將軍、漢城護軍。魏大將軍鍾會至漢城，與斌書曰：「巴蜀賢智文武之士多矣。至於足下、諸葛思遠，譬諸草木，吾氣類也。桑梓之敬，古今所敦。西到，欲奉瞻尊大君公侯墓，當洒埽墳塋，奉祠致敬。願告其所在！」斌荅書曰：「知惟臭味意眷之隆，雅託通流，未拒來謂也。亡考昔遭疾疢，亡於涪縣，卜云其吉，遂安厝之。知君西邁，乃欲屈駕脩敬墳墓。視予猶父，顏子之仁也，聞命感愴，以增情思。」會得斌書報，嘉歎意義，及至涪，如其書云。

When the Former Lord surrendered to Deng Ai, [Jiang] Bin went to [Zhong] Hui in Fu, who was treated with the respect of a friend. He followed [Zhong] Hui to Chengdu and was killed by disorderly troops. [Jiang] Bin's younger brother, [Jiang] Xian, served as (taizipu). [Zhong] Hui also valued his talent and learning. He and [Jiang] Bin at the same time died.

後主旣降鄧艾，斌詣會於涪，待以交友之禮。隨會至成都，為亂兵所殺。斌弟顯，為太子僕，會亦愛其才學，與斌同時死。

Liu Min - 劉敏

Liu Min was Left Protector of the Army and General who Raises Might. He and the Generalissimo who Guards the North; Wang Ping both guarded Hanzhong. During the time Wei sent Generalissimo; Cao Shuang to attack Shu, some discussers said they should just guard the city and not sally out to resist the enemy, or they would certainly retreat. [Liu] Min believed that men and women were spread in the fields and there was cultivated grain stored in the fields. If they let the enemy enter, then great matters would disappear. Thus the army under his command and [Wang] Ping occupied Xingshi. There were many planted flags that filled a stretch of over a hundred li. At the time, when the Generalissimo; Fei Yi through Chengdu arrived, the Wei army retreated. [Liu] Min for his achievements was enfeoffed Marquis of Yun District.

劉敏，左護軍、揚威將軍，與鎮北大將軍王平俱鎮漢中。魏遣大將軍曹爽襲蜀時，議者或謂但可守城，不出拒敵，必自引退。敏以為男女布野，農糓栖畒，若聽敵入，則大事去矣。遂帥所領與平據興勢，多張旗幟，彌亘百餘里。會大將軍費禕從成都至，魏軍即退，敏以功封雲亭侯。

Fei Yi - 費禕*

Fei Yi, styled Wenwei, was from Meng, Jiangxia.[1] When young, he was orphaned, so he lived with his uncle-clansman [Fei] Boren. [Fei] Boren's aunt was the Governor of Yi Province; Liu Zhang's mother. [Liu] Zhang sent messengers to welcome [Fei] Ren. [Fei] Ren led [Fei] Yi to study and entered Shu. It happened the Former Lord stabilized Shu. [Fei] Yi thus remained in the Yi land and he, Xu Shulong of Runan, and Dong Yun of Nan Commandery were equally famous. At the time, Xu Jing mourned his son, so [Dong] Yun and [Fei] Yi wanted to together visit the grave. [Dong] Yun told his father, [Dong] He, that he requested for a chariot. [Dong] He sent a open-rear deer carriage to supply them. [Dong] Yun had a sullen expression, while [Fei] Yi soon went forward to first enter. And when they arrived at the funeral, Zhuge Liang and other nobles were all gathered and their chariots were extremely vibrant. [Dong] Yun had an expression of unease while [Fei] Yi was tranquil and self-composed. When the chariot driver returned, [Dong] He asked him and learned of such. Thus he told [Dong] Yun, "I often doubted that you and Wenwei in superiority and inferiority could not be categorized. And from today and afterwards, my thoughts are realized."

費禕字文偉，江夏鄳人也。〔一〕少孤，依族父伯仁。伯仁姑，益州牧劉璋之母也。璋遣使迎仁，仁將禕遊學入蜀。會先主定蜀，禕遂留益土，與汝南許叔龍、南郡董允齊名。時許靖喪子，允與禕欲共會其葬所。允白父和請車，和遣開後鹿車給之。允有難載之色，禕便從前先上。及至喪所，諸葛亮及諸貴人悉集，車乘甚鮮，允猶神色未泰，而禕晏然自若。持車人還，和問之，知其如此，乃謂允曰：「吾常疑汝於文偉優劣未別也，而今而後，吾意了矣。」

〔一〕Meng was pronounced Mang.

〔一〕鄳音盲。

When the Former Lord was made Crown Prince, [Fei] Yi and [Dong] Yun were both his secretaries, then shifted to be (shuzi)s. When the Former Lord ascended the steps, [Fei] Yi became (huangmenshilang). The Assisting Chancellor; Zhuge Liang went on southern expedition and returned. The officials were [lined] for 10 li to fawn and welcome him. Many of their years to [Fei] Yi were older, but [Zhuge] Liang specially ordered [Fei] Yi to be of the same vehicle, and hence among the masses, there is none who did not shift their gaze.

先主立太子，禕與允俱為舍人，遷庶子。後主踐位，為黃門侍郎。丞相亮南征還，羣寮於數十里逢迎，年位多在禕右，而亮特命禕同載，由是衆人莫不易觀。亮以初從南歸，以禕為昭信校尉使吳。孫權性旣滑稽，嘲啁無方，諸葛恪、羊衜等才愽果辯，論難鋒至，禕辭順義篤，據理以荅，終不能屈。

禕別傳曰：孫權每別酌好酒以飲禕，視其已醉，然後問以國事，并論當世之務，辭難累至。禕輙辭以醉，退而撰次所問，事事條荅，無所遺失。

權甚器之，謂禕曰：「君天下淑德，必當股肱蜀朝，恐不能數來也。」

禕別傳曰：權乃以手中常所執寶刀贈之，禕荅曰：「臣以不才，何以堪明命？然刀所以討不庭、禁暴亂者也，但願大王勉建功業，同獎漢室，臣雖闇弱，終不負東顧。」

還，遷為侍中。亮北住漢中，請禕為參軍。以奉使稱旨，頻煩至吳。建興八年，轉為中護軍，後又為司馬。值軍師魏延與長史楊儀相憎惡，每至並坐爭論，延或舉刃擬儀，儀泣涕橫集。禕常入其坐間，諫喻分別，終亮之世，各盡延、儀之用者，禕匡救之力也。亮卒，禕為後軍師。頃之，代蔣琬為尚書令。

禕別傳曰：于時戰國多事，公務煩猥，禕識悟過人，每省讀書記，舉目暫視，已究其意旨，其速數倍於人，終亦不忘。常以朝晡聽事，其間接納賔客，飲食嬉戲，加之博弈，每盡人之歡，事亦不廢。董允代禕為尚書令，欲斆禕之所行，旬日之中，事多愆滯。允乃歎曰：「人才力相縣若此甚遠，此非吾之所及也。聽事終日，猶有不暇爾。」

琬自漢中還涪，禕遷大將軍，錄尚書事。

In the 7th year of the Yanxi era, the Wei army arrived at Xingshi. [Fei] Yi was given tally and led troops to resist them. Brilliant Blessed Grandee; Lai Min arrived to Yi to bid farewell, but asked to together [play] Weiqi. At the time, feathered documents crossed each other fast, men and horses put on armor, and the chariots were already prepared, but [Fei] Yi and [Lai] Min remained focused on countering each other, their expressions not being tired. [Lai] Min said, "I was just observing and testing you sir, nothing more. Sir, you are truly the right man, and you will certainly be able to take care of the enemy." With [Fei] Yi's arrival, the enemy thus retreated, so he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Cheng Township.

延熈七年，魏軍次于興勢，假禕節，率衆往禦之。光祿大夫來敏至禕許別，求共圍棊。于時羽檄交馳。人馬擐甲，嚴駕已訖，禕與敏留意對戲，色無厭倦。敏曰：「向聊觀試君耳！君信可人，必能辨賊者也。」禕至，敵遂退，封成鄉侯。

殷基通語曰：司馬懿誅曹爽，禕設甲乙論平其是非。甲以為曹爽兄弟凡品庸人，苟以宗子枝屬，得蒙顧命之任，而驕奢僭逸，交非其人，私樹朋黨，謀以亂國。懿奮誅討，一朝殄盡，此所以稱其任，副士民之望也。乙以為懿感曹仲付己不一，豈爽與相干？事勢不專，以此陰成疵瑕。初無忠告侃爾之訓，一朝屠戮，讒其不意，豈大人經國篤本之事乎！若爽信有謀主之心，大逆已搆，而發兵之日，更以芳委爽兄弟。懿父子從後閉門舉兵，蹙而向芳，必無悉寧，忠臣為君深慮之謂乎？以此推之，爽無大惡明矣。若懿以爽奢僭，廢之刑之可也，滅其尺口，被以不義，絕子丹血食，及何晏子魏之親甥，亦與同戮，為僭濫不當矣。

琬固讓州職，禕復領益州刺史。禕當國功名，略與琬比。

禕別傳曰：禕雅性謙素，家不積財。兒子皆令布衣素食，出入不從車騎，無異凡人。

十一年，出住漢中。自琬及禕，雖自身在外，慶賞威刑，皆遙先諮斷，然後乃行，其推任如此。後十四年夏，還成都，成都望氣者云都邑無宰相位，故冬復北屯漢壽。延熈十五年，命禕開府。

In the 16th year, he headed a great meeting. A surrenderee of Wei, Guo Xun, was seated. [Fei] Yi was joyful in drinking, becoming very drunk. And so he was killed by [Guo] Xun, who grasped blade. His posthumous title was the Respected Marquis. His son, [Fei] Cheng, succeeded him, becoming (huangmenshilang). [Fei] Cheng's younger brother, [Fei] Gong, married a princess.[1] [Fei] Yi's eldest daughter married the Crown Prince; [Liu] Xuan as concubine.

十六年歲首大會，魏降人郭循在坐。禕歡飲沈醉，為循手刃所害，謚曰敬侯。子承嗣，為黃門侍郎。承弟恭，尚公主。〔一〕禕長女配太子璿為妃。

〔一〕[Fei] Yi's Separate Biography states: [Fei] Gong became (shangshulang), having eminent reputation in his era, but died early.

〔一〕《禕別傳》曰：恭為尚書郎，顯名當世，早卒。

Jiang Wei - 姜維*

Jiang Wei, styled Boyue, was from Ji, Tianshui. When young, he lost his father, and lived with his mother. He enjoyed the studies of the Zheng [Xuan] clan.

姜維字伯約，天水兾人也。少孤，與母居。好鄭氏學。

〔一〕The (Bozi) states: [Jiang] Wei by nature enjoyed establishing achievements and fame, secreting nurturing warriors willing to die, not learning the work of ordinary people.

〔一〕《傅子》曰：維為人好立功名，陰養死士，不脩布衣之業。

He served his commandery as (上計掾), and his province recruited him to be an attendant. As his father, [Jiang] Jiong, previously served as a commandery (gongcao), he was on duty when the Qiang and Rong rebelled and made chaos. He guarded the commandery generals, died in battle, and so [Jiang] Wei was bestowed (guanzhonglang), involved in military affairs of his home commandery.

仕郡上計掾，州辟為從事。以父冏昔為郡功曹，值羌、戎叛亂，身衞郡將，沒於戰場，賜維官中郎，參本郡軍事。

〔一〕The Summary of Wei states: The Grand Administrator of Tianshui; Ma Zun led [Jiang] Wei and various official subordinates to follow the Inspector of Yong Province; Guo Huai in from Xi [County] to Luo Pass on inspection. It happened that they heard that [Zhuge] Liang had already arrived to Mount Qi. [Guo] Huai turned to face [Ma] Zun and said, "He intends to do evil!" Thus they quickly went east to return to Shanggui.

〔一〕《魏略》曰：天水太守馬遵將維及諸官屬隨雍州刺史郭淮偶自西至洛門案行，會聞亮已到祁山，淮顧遵曰：「是欲不善！」遂驅東還上邽。遵念所治兾縣界在西偏，又恐吏民樂亂，遂亦隨淮去。時維謂遵曰：「明府當還兾。」遵謂維等曰：「卿諸人回，復信皆賊也。」各自行。維亦無如遵何，而家在兾，遂與郡吏上官子脩等還兾。

In the 6th year of the Jianxing era, Assisting Chancellor; Zhuge Liang marched [with army] towards Mount Qi. At the time, the Grand Administrator of Tianshui happened to go out on an inspection. [Jiang] Wei, (gongcao); Liang Xu, Registrar; Yin Shang, and Chief of Records; Liang Hu among others followed. When the Grand Administrator heard the Shu army was about to arrive, and that the counties were to echo them, he suspected that [Jiang] Wei and the others all had different hearts, and therefore overnight escaped to protect Shanggui. When [Jiang] Wei and the others learned that the Grand Administrator fled, they were late to chase, arriving at the city gates. The city gates were already closed [and the Grand Administrator] did not admit them. [Jiang] Wei and the others successively returned to Ji, but Ji also did not admit [Jiang] Wei. [Jiang] Wei and the others thus all went to Zhuge Liang. At the time, Ma Su was defeated and Jieting, and [Zhuge] Liang moved over a thousand families as well as [Jiang] Wei and the others from then Xi County to return [to Shu]. Thus, [Jiang] Wei was separated from his mother.

建興六年，丞相諸葛亮軍向祁山，時天水太守適出案行，維及功曹梁緒、主簿尹賞、主記梁虔等從行。太守聞蜀軍垂至，而諸縣響應，疑維等皆有異心，於是夜亡保上邽。維等覺太守去，追遲，至城門，城門已閉，不納。維等相率還兾，兾亦不入維。維等乃俱詣諸葛亮。會馬謖敗於街亭，亮拔將西縣千餘家及維等還，故維遂與母相失。

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