Chinese Translations

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<details><summary>Biography of Guan Yu</summary>

Guan Yu, styled Yunchang, originally styled Changsheng, was from Xie, Hedong. He was on the run and fled to Zhuo Commandery. The Former Lord in his hometown gathered followers into an army; Yu and Zhang Fei became his protectors. When the Former Lord became Chancellor of Pingyuan, he made Yu and Fei Separate Command Majors, separately commanding retainers. When the Former Lord and the two men rested, they shared a bed, and their bond was like brothers. Whenever there were crowds of people in a large gathering, [the two men] stood by, attending [the Former Lord] the whole day. They followed the Former Lord in his dealings, never deterred by difficulty or danger.[1]

關羽字雲長，本字長生，河東解人也。亡命奔涿郡。先主於鄉里合徒眾，而羽與張飛為之禦侮。先主為平原相，以羽、飛為別部司馬，分統部曲。先主與二人寢則同床，恩若兄弟。而稠人廣坐，侍立終日，隨先主周旋，不避艱險。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Annals of Shu states: When Excellency Cao and Liu Bei sieged Lü Bu at Xiapi, Guan Yu appealed to the Excellency, that Bu had sent Qin Yilu to go and ask for help. [Yu] begged to take his wife, so the Excellency approved it. [When the siege] was almost over, he repeatedly appealed to the Excellency. The Excellency suspected she had exceptional beauty, so he first sent her to be summoned and saw [her], taking advantage [of the meeting] and keeping her. Yu's heart was not at ease.

〔一〕《蜀記》曰：曹公與劉備圍呂布於下邳，關羽啟公，布使秦宜祿行求救，乞娶其妻，公許之。臨破，又屢啟於公。公疑其有異色，先遣迎看，因自留之，羽心不自安。

What this and the Spring and Autumn of the Wei Dynasty says have no difference.

此與魏氏春秋所說無異也。

</details>

When the Former Lord attacked and killed the Inspector of Xu Province; Che Zhou, he had Yu guard Xiapi city, exercising a Grand Administrator's duties,[1] while he himself returned to Xiaopei.

先主之襲殺徐州刺史車冑，使羽守下邳城，行太守事，〔一〕而身還小沛。

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Book of Wei says: [Bei] used Yu to govern Xu Province.

〔一〕《魏書》云：以羽領徐州。

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In the 5th year of the Jian'an era, Excellency Cao went on eastern expedition. The Former Lord fled to Yuan Shao. Excellency Cao captured Yu and returned, making him Lieutenant General, and treating him with utmost generosity. Shao sent the Generalissimo; Yan Liang to attack the Grand Administrator of Dong Commandery; Liu Yan at Baima, so Excellency Cao sent Zhang Liao and Yu to be vanguard and strike at them. Yu saw Liang's banner and parasol, so he urged his horse to stab Liang in the midst of 10,000 enemies*, taking his head and returning. Of Shao's generals, none could block him, and this resolved the Siege at Baima. Excellency Cao petitioned for Yu to be Marquis of Hanshou District. Previously, Excellency Cao admired Yu as a man but observed his heart and mind having intentions of not staying long, so he told Zhang Liao, "Sir, try to use your rapport to ask him [why]." So Liao then asked Yu, and Yu sighed and said, "I am most aware Excellency Cao treats me with generosity, but I received General Liu's generosity and kindness, sworn to die together, so I cannot betray him. In the end, I cannot stay. I shall establish merits as to repay Excellency Cao, then leave." Liao had Yu's words reported to Excellency Cao, and Excellency Cao thought it righteous.[1] And when Yu killed Yan Liang, Excellency Cao knew he surely would depart, so he multiplied and increased his rewards. Yu entirely sealed away his gifts, sending respectful message expressing his resignation, and fled to the Former Lord in the Yuan army. Left and right wanted to pursue him, but Excellency Cao said, "Each person is for their lord. Do not pursue!"

10,000 enemies - 萬衆 is often an idiom referring to a large amount of people and may not actually have 10,000 soldiers.

建安五年，曹公東征，先主奔袁紹。曹公禽羽以歸，拜為偏將軍，禮之甚厚。紹遣大將軍顏良攻東郡太守劉延於白馬，曹公使張遼及羽為先鋒擊之。羽望見良麾蓋，策馬刺良於萬衆之中，斬其首還，紹諸將莫能當者，遂解白馬圍。曹公即表封羽為漢壽亭侯。初，曹公壯羽為人，而察其心神無久留之意，謂張遼曰：「卿試以情問之。」旣而遼以問羽，羽歎曰：「吾極知曹公待我厚，然吾受劉將軍厚恩，誓以共死，不可背之。吾終不留，吾要當立效以報曹公乃去。」遼以羽言報曹公，曹公義之。〔一〕及羽殺顏良，曹公知其必去，重加賞賜。羽盡封其所賜，拜書告辭，而奔先主於袁軍。左右欲追之，曹公曰：「彼各為其主，勿追也。」

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Fuzi states: Liao wanted to report to the Grand Progenitor, but feared the Grand Progenitor would kill Yu, but not reporting was not the way of serving one's lord, thus he sighed and said, "The Excellency is like lord or father relaton; Yu is just a brother!" Thus he reported. The Grand Progenitor said, "Serving one's lord and not forgetting their roots is a righteous person of the world! When do you estimate he will depart?" Liao said, "Yu received the Excellency's kindness. He'll surely establish merits to repay you, sire, and afterwards depart.

〔一〕《傅子》曰：遼欲白太祖，恐太祖殺羽，不白非事君之道，乃歎曰：「公，君父也；羽，兄弟耳。」遂白之。太祖曰：「事君不忘其本，天下義士也。度何時能去？」遼曰：「羽受公恩，必立效報公而後去也。」

〔二〕Your servant, Songzhi, believes that Excellency Cao knew Yu would not stay yet in his heart praised that will. Upon [Yu's] departure, he did not send pursuers, which helped Yu achieve righteousness. If not for him possessing a kingly hegemon's tolerance, who can go as far to do this? This was truly Lord Cao's greatness!

〔二〕臣松之以為曹公知羽不留而心嘉其志，去不遣追以成其義，自非有王霸之度，孰能至於此乎？斯實曹氏之休美。

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He followed the Former Lord to Liu Biao, and when Biao died, Excellency Cao stabilized Jing Province. The Former Lord, from Fan, went south to cross the river, detaching and sending Yu to ride hundreds of boats to meet in Jiangling. Excellency Cao chased [them] to Changban, Dangyang, and the Former Lord used a small road to quickly flee to Han Ford. He happened to meet Yu's ships, together arriving at Xiakou.

從先主就劉表。表卒，曹公定荊州，先主自樊將南渡江，別遣羽乘船數百艘會江陵。曹公追至當陽長阪，先主斜趣漢津，適與羽船相值，共至夏口。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Annals of Shu state: Previously, Liu Bei was in Xu, he and Excellency Cao together hunted. During the hunt, those amassed dispersed, and Yu urged Bei to kill the Excellency. Bei did not listen. When they were at Xiakou, drifting by the River, Yu angrily said, "That past day during the hunt, had you followed my words, we would not be in our current predicament!" Bei said, "At the time, I also, for the empire, was unwilling to [kill] him, that's all. If Heaven's Way assists the correct, how would I know that would not be to our fortune?"

〔一〕《蜀記》曰：初，劉備在許，與曹公共獵。獵中，衆散，羽勸備殺公，備不從。及在夏口，飄颻江渚，羽怒曰：「往日獵中，若從羽言，可無今日之困。」備曰：「是時亦為國家惜之耳；若天道輔正，安知此不為福邪！」

〔二〕Your servant, Songzhi, considers that Bei later, with Dong Cheng and the others, together plotted, but that the matter leaked and so he could not succeed, that's all. If he was unwilling to kill him for the empire, then how could his [plot] be in accordance with his words? If Yu indeed had urged and that Bei was unwilling to follow, it was that be that because Excellency Cao's chest and heart relative were a large number of people, it would be matters without planning and preparations, so he could not be rash in acting. If he killed Cao, he certainly would not escape, hence his plan ended. How can he be unwilling [to kill] over this? This was a past event, hence he pretended to use elegant words, that's all."

〔二〕臣松之以為備後與董承等結謀，但事泄不克諧耳，若為國家惜曹公，其如此言何！羽若果有此勸而備不肯從者，將以曹公腹心親戚，寔繁有徒，事不宿構，非造次所行；曹雖可殺，身必不免，故以計而止，何惜之有乎！旣往之事，故託為雅言耳。

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Sun Quan sent troops to assist the Former Lord to resist Excellency Cao, so Excellency Cao led his army to retreat and return. The Former Lord seized the south of the River's various commanderies, thus enfeoffing and promoting those with foremost merits, hence Yu was made Grand Administrator of Xiangyang, General who Sweeps away Bandits, and had him station at the River's north [in Xiangyang]. When the Former Lord went west to stabilize Yi Province, he made Yu command Jing Province's affairs. When Yu heard Ma Chao came to surrender, he was not a past acquaintance, and Yu wrote to Zhuge Liang, asking of Chao's talent, who he can be compared to. Liang knew Yu was proud and competitive, thus he replied and said, "Mengqi is both skilled in civil and military affairs. His might and ferocity surpasses others, a champion of this era! He is of Qing and Peng's ilk, that he can match Yide horse-to-horse in charging, and yet he cannot compare with the Beard's unparalleled superiority." Yu had a beautiful beard, hence Liang called him the Beard. Yu received the letter and was delighted, having it shown to his retainers.

孫權遣兵佐先主拒曹公，曹公引軍退歸。先主收江南諸郡，乃封拜元勳，以羽為襄陽太守、盪寇將軍，駐江北。先主西定益州，拜羽董督荊州事。羽聞馬超來降，舊非故人，羽書與諸葛亮，問超人才可誰比類。亮知羽護前，乃荅之曰：「孟起兼資文武，雄烈過人，一世之傑，黥、彭之徒，當與益德並驅爭先，猶未及髯之絕倫逸羣也。」羽美鬚髯，故亮謂之髯。羽省書大悅，以示賔客。

Yu was once hit by a flying arrow, which penetrated his left arm. Later, though the injury recovered, each time there was overcast rain, the bone often experienced pain. The doctor said, "The arrowhead had poison. The poison entered into the bone. We should cut open your arm to make a wound, scrape the bone to remove the poison, and afterwards the pain can be eliminated. That's all." Yu then extended his arm and ordered the doctor to split it open. At the time, Yu had invited generals to drink and eat, facing each other. The arm was flowing blood out and filled a tray. But Yu cut roasted meat and drank wine, talking and laughing composed as usual.

羽甞為流矢所中，貫其左臂，後創雖愈，每至陰雨，骨常疼痛，醫曰：「矢鏃有毒，毒入于骨，當破臂作創，刮骨去毒，然後此患乃除耳。」羽便伸臂令醫劈之。時羽適請諸將飲食相對，臂血流離，盈於盤器，而羽割炙引酒，言笑自若。

In the 24th year, the Former Lord became King of Hanzhong and made Yu to be General of the Front with acting axe tally. That year, Yu led troops to attack Cao Ren at Fan. Excellency Cao sent Yu Jin to help Ren. That autumn, there was a great downpour and the Han River overflowed. Jin and his supervised seven armies were all submerged. Jin surrendered to Yu and Yu also beheaded General Pang De. Of the Jia, Liang, and the Luhun Bandits, some from afar received Yu's seals and orders to become his affiliates. Yu's might shook the central plains; Excellency Cao discussed to move [away from] Xudu as to avoid his might, but the Xuan King of the Sima and Jiang Ji considered that Guan Yu having gained his ambitions, Sun Quan would certainly be displeased. They suggested to send someone to urge Quan to trapple [the Former Lord's] rear and to promise to allot the River's south as to reward Quan, then the Siege at Fan would be resolved. Excellency Cao followed this. Previously, Quan sent an envoy to have his son marry Yu's daughter, but Yu cursed and insulted the envoy, having not accepted the marriage. Quan was very indignant.[1] Also, the Grand Administrator of Nan Commandery; Mi Fang was at Jiangling, as well as General Fushi Ren garrisoned at Gong'an. They had always both resented that Yu himself slighted them. When Yu left with the army, Fang and Ren were to provide for the army supplies, but did not provide all to help [Yu]. Yu said, "When I return, I shall certainly punish them!" Fang and Ren's minds were uneased. Thereupon, Quan secretly enticed Fang and Ren. Fang and Ren sent people to receive Quan. Meanwhile, Excellency Cao sent Xu Huang to rescue Cao Ren,[2] and Yu could not overcome, so he led his army to withdraw and return. Quan already occupied Jiangling and had captured Yu's soldiers' wives and children. Yu's army thus scattered. Quan sent generals to directly attack Yu, beheading Yu and his son Ping at Linju.

二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率衆攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。禁降羽，羽又斬將軍龐德。梁郟、陸渾羣盜或遙受羽印號，為之支黨，羽威震華夏。曹公議徙許都以避其銳，司馬宣王、蔣濟以為關羽得志，孫權必不願也。可遣人勸權躡其後，許割江南以封權，則樊圍自解。曹公從之。先是，權遣使為子索羽女，羽罵辱其使，不許婚，權大怒。〔一〕又南郡太守麋芳在江陵，將軍傅士仁屯公安，素皆嫌羽自輕己。羽之出軍，芳、仁供給軍資不悉相救。羽言：「還當治之」，芳、仁咸懷懼不安。於是權陰誘芳、仁，芳、仁使人迎權。而曹公遣徐晃救曹仁，〔二〕羽不能克，引軍退還。權已據江陵，盡虜羽士衆妻子，羽軍遂散。權遣將逆擊羽，斬羽及子平于臨沮。

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Dianlüe states: When Yu sieged Fan, Quan sent an envoy to ask to assist him, but had the envoy not hurry his advance, and also sent a registrar to first express such orders to Yu. Yu was angry at this tardiness. Later, when he himself already gained Yu Jin among others, he further cursed them and said, "Raccoon dog, you dare behave like this! If I capture Fan City, [do you think] I cannot destroy you [as well]?!" When Quan heard this, he knew [Yu] slighted him, but insincerely handwrote a letter apologizing to Yu and promising he himself would come [help].

〔一〕《典略》曰：羽圍樊，權遣使求助之，勑使莫速進，又遣主簿先致命於羽。羽忿其淹遲，又自已得于禁等，乃罵曰：「狢子敢爾，如使樊城拔，吾不能滅汝邪！」權聞之，知其輕己，偽手書以謝羽，許以自往。

Your servant, Songzhi, considers that though Jing and Wu outwardly were harmonious, inwardly they were suspicious and self-guarded. Thus when Quan attacked Yu, he secretly dispatchedd a hidden attack. According to Lü Meng's biography, which stated, "He hid elite troops from stern to bow, ordering them to wear white garments and to row, as to be some merchants' appearance." With this statement, Yu did not seek help from Quan, Quan certainly did not say to Yu about his movements. If they promised to support and aid each other, then why hide appearances and movements?"

臣松之以為荊、吳雖外睦，而內相猜防，故權之襲羽，潛師密發。按呂蒙傳雲：「伏精兵於舳艫之中，使白衣搖櫓，作商賈服。」以此言之，羽不求助於權，權必不語羽當往也。若許相援助，何故匿其形跡乎？

〔二〕The Records of Shu state: Yu and Huang were past intimate, and from afar together talked, only talking about their personal lives, never about military affairs. After a while, Huang dismounted horse to announce orders to [his troops], "[Whoever] takes Guan Yunchang's head will be awarded 1,000 jin of gold!" Yu was shocked and frightened, calling to Huang and said, "Elder brother, why say such?" Huang said, "'Tis the nation's affair, nothing more!"

〔二〕《蜀記》曰：羽與晃宿相愛，遙共語，但說平生，不及軍事。須臾，晃下馬宣令：「得關雲長頭，賞金千斤。」羽驚怖，謂晃曰：「大兄，是何言邪！」晃曰：「此國之事耳。」

〔三〕The Records of Shu state: Quan sent his generals to attack Yu, capturing Yu and his son Ping. Quan wanted to spare Yu as to oppose Liu and Cao. His left and right said, "A wolf must not be nurtured or later on you will surely have a problem! Excellency Cao did not immediately remove him, so he brought himself a great problem, leading to him discussing where to move the capital! How can he live now?" Thus [Quan] beheaded him.

〔三〕蜀記曰：權遣將軍擊羽，獲羽及子平。權欲活羽以敵劉、曹，左右曰：「狼子不可養，後必為害。曹公不即除之，自取大患，乃議徙都。今豈可生！」乃斬之。

Your servant, Songzhi, cites the Book of Wu in stating that Sun Quan sent his general, Pan Zhang, to predict Yu's retreat route, that when Yu came he was beheaded. Moreover, from Linju to Jiangling is 200 or 300 li apart. How is it possible not to then kill Yu and together discuss his life or death? [The Records of Shu] also said, "Quan wanted to spare Yu as to oppose Liu and Cao." This is not the case in that those who are wise [this] can be cut off!

臣松之桉《吳書》：孫權遣將潘璋逆斷羽走路，羽至即斬，且臨沮去江陵二三百里，豈容不時殺羽，方議其生死乎？又云「權欲活羽以敵劉、曹」，此之不然，可以絕智者之口。

The Annals of Wu state: Quan sent Yu's head to Excellency Cao, who used a lord's rites to bury the corpse.

《吳歷》曰：權送羽首於曹公，以諸侯禮葬其屍骸。

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[The Former Lord] posthumously titled Yu the Zhuangmiao Marquis. His son, Xing, succeeded him. Xing was styled Anguo. When he was young, he had a good reputation, and the Chancellor; Zhuge Liang valued him greatly. When he was capped, he became Palace Attendant, Zhongjianjun, and some years after he died. His son, Tong, succeeded him, who married a princess, and whose rank became General of the Household Swift as Tigers. When he died, he had no sons, so Xing's concubine son, Yi, continued the fief.

追謚羽曰壯繆侯。〔一〕子興嗣。興字安國，少有令問，丞相諸葛亮深器異之。弱冠為侍中、中監軍，數歲卒。子統嗣，尚公主，官至虎賁中郎將。卒，無子，以興庶子彝續封。〔二〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕The Annals of Shu state: When Yu left with his army out of Fan[cheng]'s siege, he dreamed of pigs chewing his feet, so he told his son, Ping, "This year, I have become feeble, that I may not return!" The Biographies of Jiangbiao state: Yu enjoyed Mister Zuo's Biographies, and recited all them out loud fluently.

〔一〕《蜀記》曰：羽初出軍圍樊，夢豬嚙其足，語子平曰：「吾今年衰矣，然不得還！」《江表傳》云：羽好左氏傳，諷誦略皆上口。

〔二〕The Annals of Shu state: Pang De's son was Hui, who followed Zhong [Hui] and Deng [Ai] in conquering Shu. When Shu was defeated, he exterminated the entire Guan clan.

〔二〕《蜀記》曰：龐德子會，隨鍾、鄧伐蜀，蜀破，盡滅關氏家。

</details>

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<details><summary>Biography of Zhang Fei</summary>

Zhang Fei, styled Yide, was from Zhuo Commandery. When young, he and Guan Yu both served the Former Lord. Yu was older by few years, so Fei treated him like an elder brother. When the Former Lord followed Excellency Cao to defeat Lü Bu and returned back [with Excellency Cao] to Xu, Excellency Cao made Fei to be General of the Household. The Former Lord betrayed Excellency Cao to serve Yuan Shao then Liu Biao. When Biao died, Excellency Cao entered Jing Province, the Former Lord fled south of the River. Excellency Cao pursued them, and in one day and night, reached Changban, Dangyang. When the Former Lord heard Excellency Cao's troops had arrived, he abandoned his wife and child(ren) while fleeing, sending Fei to lead 20 cavalrymen to resist the rear. Fei occupied the river and broke the bridge. He had glared eyes and waved his spear saying, "I am Zhang Yide! Who will come together and determine who dies!" The enemies all did not dare approach, [Fei and the others] were eventually able to escape.

張飛字益德，涿郡人也，少與關羽俱事先主。羽年長數歲，飛兄事之。先主從曹公破呂布，隨還許，曹公拜飛為中郎將。先主背曹公依袁紹、劉表。表卒，曹公入荊州，先主奔江南。曹公追之，一日一夜，及於當陽之長阪。先主聞曹公卒至，棄妻子走，使飛將二十騎拒後。飛據水斷橋，瞋目橫矛曰：「身是張益德也，可來共決死！」敵皆無敢近者，故遂得免。

When the Former Lord stabilized south of the River, he made Fei to be Grand Administrator of Yidu, General who Conquers Enemies, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Xin Township, later shifting [Fei's] position to Nan Commandery. When the Former Lord entered Yi Province, he turned back to attack Liu Zhang. Fei and Zhuge Liang among others sailed the streams upward, respectively settling the commanderies and counties. He arrived at Jiangzhou, defeating Zhang's general, the Grand Administrator of Ba Commandery; Yan Yan, capturing alive Yan. Fei scolded Yan, saying, "When our great army arrived, why did you not surrender then, rather daring to oppose and fight?!" Yan replied, "You all are all insolent, invading and stealing away my province! My province only has generals with cut-off heads, and there are no surrendered generals!" Fei was angry, ordered his left and right to go chop his head. Yan's expression did not change, saying, "[If you want to] cut my head, then cut my head! Why make a tantrum!" Fei was impressed and released him, recruiting him as a guest.[1] Fei had been victorious in his battles in places he passed, and met the Former Lord at Chengdu. When Yi Province was pacified, [the Former Lord] bestowed Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Fei, and Guan Yu gold each being 500 jin, silver of 1,000 jin, 50,000,000 cash, and 1,000 pi of brocade. The rest of the distributed gifts were each unique, and Fei was made Grand Administrator of Baxi.

先主旣定江南，以飛為宜都太守、征虜將軍，封新亭侯，後轉在南郡。先主入益州，還攻劉璋，飛與諸葛亮等泝流而上，分定郡縣。至江州，破璋將巴郡太守嚴顏，生獲顏。飛呵顏曰：「大軍至，何以不降，而敢拒戰？」顏荅曰：「卿等無狀，侵奪我州，我州但有斷頭將軍，無有降將軍也。」飛怒，令左右牽去斫頭，顏色不變，曰：「斫頭便斫頭，何為怒邪！」飛壯而釋之，引為賔客。〔一〕飛所過戰克，與先主會于成都。益州旣平，賜諸葛亮、法正、飛及關羽金各五百斤，銀千斤，錢五千萬，錦千匹，其餘頒賜各有差，以飛領巴西太守。

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Records of Huayang states: Previously, the Former Lord entered Shu, arriving at Ba Commandery. Yan beat his heart and sighed, saying, "This can be said like sitting alone in a stranded mountain and releasing a tiger to guard oneself!"

〔一〕《華陽國志》曰：初，先主入蜀，至巴郡，顏拊心歎曰：「此所謂獨坐窮山，放虎自衞也！」

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When Excellency Cao defeated Zhang Lu, he had Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He remain to guard Hanchuan. [Zhang] He separately supervised the armies to descend upon Baxi, wanting to move its people to Hanzhong, and advanced his army to Dangqu, Mengtou, and Dangshi. He and Fei opposed each other for over 50 days. Fei led elite troops of over 10,000 people and followed a different road to intercept He's army and fought each other. The mountain roads were very narrow, so front and rear weren't able to help each other, so Fei thus defeated He. [Zhang] He abandoned his horse and scaled the mountains. Only he and over 10 subordinates followed a minor road to retreat and led their army to return to Nanzheng. The lands of Ba were able to be at peace. When the Former Lord became King of Hanzhong, he made Fei the General of the Right, with acting tally.

曹公破張魯，留夏侯淵、張郃守漢川。郃別督諸軍下巴西，欲徙其民於漢中，進軍宕渠、蒙頭、盪石，與飛相拒五十餘日。飛率精卒萬餘人，從他道邀郃軍交戰，山道迮狹，前後不得相救，飛遂破郃。郃棄馬緣山，獨與麾下十餘人從間道退，引軍還南鄭，巴土獲安。先主為漢中王，拜飛為右將軍、假節。

In the 1st year of the Zhangwu era, he was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, concurrently Colonel who Directs Retainers and further enfeoffed as Marquis of Xi Township. The order said, "I have continued Heaven's sequence, succeeding and receiving the vast realm to remove corruption and pacify chaos, but have not yet fully understood its reason [why it happened]. Now that bandits and enemies are doing harm, the people are being extremely tormented, and those who think of the Han extend their necks like cranes. And so I feel anguished from such. In sitting I cannot sit calmly; in eating I have no appetite. I organied my army and spoke officialy to them, making to swear to act bearing Heaven's punishment. And you, sir, are loyal and firm, matching the legacy of Shao Hu*, that your reputation commands the far and near, hence I especially present this edict: that [you are bestowed] to construct walls*, that you advance in your peerage, you will also supervise the capital. You shall greatly realize [your potential] with Heaven's might, reassured other people to serve with virtue, and put down rebellions with punishments, which corresponds with my will. Hasn't the [Classic of] Poetry said, 'With no regrets, no thorns, does a kingdom reach its pinnacle. You have caused and shown your might and achievements, so we gift you fortune!' How could we not be encouraged!"

章武元年，遷車騎將軍，領司隷校尉，進封西鄉侯，策曰：「朕承天序，嗣奉洪業，除殘靖亂，未燭厥理。今寇虜作害，民被荼毒，思漢之士，延頸鶴望。朕用怛然，坐不安席，食不甘味，整軍誥誓，將行天罰。以君忠毅，侔蹤召、虎，名宣遐邇，故特顯命，高墉進爵，兼司于京。其誕將天威，柔服以德，伐叛以刑，稱朕意焉。詩不云乎，『匪疚匪棘，王國來極。肇敏戎功，用錫爾祉』。可不勉歟！」

* Shao Hu, also known as Duke Mu of Shao, was known for his loyalty when he gave his son as the heir apparent to protect the then in-danger heir apparent.

** - construct walls - Also let him have his own staff, in essence holding great power.

Previously, Fei was imposing in appearance, mighty and fierce, and being second to Guan Yu. The Wei Strategist Cheng Yu among others all praised Yu and Fei as a match for 10,000 people. Yu treated well his soldiers and companies but was condescending to literati and scholars; Fei adored and respected gentlemen but did not pity petty people. The Former Lord often warned this, saying, "Sir, your punishments and killings are excessive. Daily you beat and whip your warriors, yet now you ordered them as your left and right. This is the way of seeking disaster." But Fei still did not repent. When the Former Lord attacked Wu, Fei should have led troops of 10,000 people, [leaving] from Langzhong that they would meet in Jiangzhou. When about to leave though, his subordinate generals, Zhang Da and Fan Jiang, killed Fei, took his head, and went downstream to flee to Sun Quan. Fei's camp supervisor reported this to the Former Lord. When the Former Lord heard that Fei's supervisor had a petition, he said, "Alack! Fei has died!" Posthumous title for Fei was the Huan Marquis.

初，飛雄壯威猛，亞於關羽，魏謀臣程昱等咸稱羽、飛萬人之敵也。羽善待卒伍而驕於士大夫，飛愛敬君子而不恤小人。先主常戒之曰：「卿刑殺旣過差，又日鞭檛健兒，而令在左右，此取禍之道也。」飛猶不悛。先主伐吳，飛當率兵萬人，自閬中會江州。臨發，其帳下將張達、范彊殺飛，持其首，順流而奔孫權。飛營都督表報先主，先主聞飛都督之有表也，曰：「噫！飛死矣。」追謚飛曰桓侯。

His eldest son, Bao, died early. His second son, Shao, succeeded him, and whose office reached Palace Attendant and puye of the Secretariats. Bao's son, Zun, became Secretariat, followed Zhuge Zhan to Mianzhu, and he and Deng Ai fought, dying.

長子苞，早夭。次子紹嗣，官至侍中尚書僕射。苞子遵為尚書，隨諸葛瞻於緜竹，與鄧艾戰，死。

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</details>

<details><summary>Biography of Huang Zhong</summary>

Huang Zhong, styled Hansheng, was from Nanyang. The Governor of Jing Province; Liu Biao made him General of the Household, and he and Biao's nephew, Pan, together guarded You County, Changsha. When Excellency Cao overcame Jing Province, [Zhong] was made Acting Major General and remained to serve old post, being subordinate to the Grand Administrator of Changsha; Han Xuan. When the Former Lord went south to settle the commanderies, Zhong thus offered himself and followed to enter Shu. From Jiameng, he received office, and returned to attack Liu Zhang. Zhong was constantly at the forefront and breaking formations. His courage and firmness was the most among the three armies. When Yi Province was settled, he was made General who Suppresses Enemies.

黃忠字漢升，南陽人也。荊州牧劉表以為中郎將，與表從子磐共守長沙攸縣。及曹公克荊州，假行裨將軍，仍就故任，統屬長沙太守韓玄。先主南定諸郡，忠遂委質，隨從入蜀。自葭萌受任，還攻劉璋，忠常先登陷陣，勇毅冠三軍。益州旣定，拜為討虜將軍。

In the 24th year of the Jian'an era, he was at Dingjun Mountain, Hanzhong to attack Xiahou Yuan. Yuan's troops were very elite, but Zhong's charges always had him advance, encouraging his commanded warriors. The battle drums shook the Heavens and their shouts moved the valley. In one battle, they beheaded Yuan and Yuan's army was crushed. He was promoted to be General who Conquers the West. That year, the Former Lord became King of Hanzhong and wanted to make Zhong the General of the Rear. Zhuge Liang told the Former Lord, "Of Zhong's fame, he was never of Guan [Yu] and Ma [Chao]'s match. Now you are making him to be of the same rank. Ma and Zhang [Fei] were nearby, that they themselves witnessed his merits, so they would understand the order. But if Guan from afar hears this, I fear he will surely be displeased! Perhaps this can't be done!" The Former Lord said, "I will personally resolve this." Thus [Zhong] with Guan and the others were of the same position, gifting him peerage of Marquis within the Passes.

建安二十四年，於漢中定軍山擊夏侯淵。淵衆甚精，忠推鋒必進，勸率士卒，金鼓振天，歡聲動谷，一戰斬淵，淵軍大敗。遷征西將軍。是歲，先主為漢中王，欲用忠為後將軍，諸葛亮說先主曰：「忠之名望，素非關、馬之倫也。而今便令同列。馬、張在近，親見其功，尚可喻指；關遙聞之，恐必不恱，得無不可乎！」先主曰：「吾自當解之。」遂與羽等齊位，賜爵關內侯。

The next year, he died, and was posthumously titled the Resolute Marquis. His son, Xu, died early, thus no descendants.

明年卒，追謚剛侯。子叙，早沒，無後。

</details>

<details><summary>Biography of Zhao Yun</summary>

Zhao Yun, styled Zilong, was from Zhending, Changshan. He was originally subordinate to Gongsun Zan. Zan sent the Former Lord to aid Tian Kai's resistance against Yuan Shao. Yun thus followed along, becoming the Former Lord's cavalry commander.

趙雲字子龍，常山真定人也。本屬公孫瓚，瓚遣先主為田楷拒袁紹，雲遂隨從，為先主主騎。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Yun's Separate Biography states: Yun was eight chi tall, his facial features being mighty and magnificent. He was nominated by his home commandery, leading volunteer officials and soldiers to join Gongsun Zan. At the time, Yuan Shao claimed to be Governor of Ji Province, and Zan was especially worried the province's people would follow Shao, so he was pleased when Yun came to join, yet sneered Yun and said, "I heard your noble province's people all desire to join the Yuan clan. Sir, why have you alone changed your mind, being lost but being able to go back?" Yun replied, "The world is in chaos! It is not known who is right! The people have the peril of being hung down*, so our humble province has discussed [who to join], following wherever there be benevolent governance. It is not because we are neglecting Lord Yuan or being biased to you, Enlightened General." Thus he joined Zan in conquests and suppressions. At the time, the Former Lord also served Zan, and often received Yun. Yun thus was able to [become] especially be personally intimate and trusted. Yun, because of his elder brother's death, resigned from Zan for temporary leave, but the Former Lord knew he would not return, thus clasped hands as they bid farewell. Yun bid farewell and said, "Until my death, I shall never betray virtue!" When the Former Lord went to Yuan Shao, he met Yun at Ye. The Former Lord and Yun shared the same bed when sleeping, and secretly sent Yun to gather and recruit hundreds of people, who all declared to be General of the Left; Liu [Bei]'s subordinates. Shao was unable to know such. Thus they followed the Former Lord to Jing Province.

* peril of being hung down - being in a difficult situation.

〔一〕《雲別傳》曰：雲身長八尺，姿顏雄偉，為本郡所舉，將義從吏兵詣公孫瓚。時袁紹稱冀州牧，瓚深憂州人之從紹也，善雲來附，嘲雲曰：「聞貴州人皆願袁氏，君何獨迴心，迷而能反乎？」雲荅曰：「天下訩訩，未知孰是，民有倒縣之厄，鄙州論議，從仁政所在，不為忽袁公私明將軍也。」遂與瓚征討。時先主亦依託瓚，每接納雲，雲得深自結託。雲以兄喪，辭瓚暫歸，先主知其不反，捉手而別，雲辭曰：「終不背德也。」先主就袁紹，雲見於鄴。先主與雲同床眠卧，密遣雲合募得數百人，皆稱劉左將軍部曲，紹不能知。遂隨先主至荊州。

</details>

And when the Former Lord was chased by Excellency Cao in Changban, Dangyang, he abandoned his wife and children and fled south. Yun personally carried the baby, who would be the Later Lord. He protected and rescued Lady Gan, who was the Later Lord's mother. All were able to escape danger. Thus he was promoted to be General of the Ivory Gates. When the Former Lord entered Shu, Yun remained in Jing Province.

及先主為曹公所追於當陽長阪，棄妻子南走，雲身抱弱子，即後主也，保護甘夫人，即後主母也，皆得免難。遷為牙門將軍。先主入蜀，雲留荊州。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Yun's Separate Biography states: Previously, when the Former Lord was defeated, there were people saying that Yun already went north to flee. The Former Lord grabbed a halberd and threw it at him, saying, "Zilong would never abandon me just to escape!" Soon after, Yun arrived. He followed to pacify Jiangnan and was made Assistant General and concurrently Grand Administrator of Guiyang, replacing Zhao Fan. Zhao Fan's widowed elder sister-in-law was named Lady Fan, who was utmostly beautiful. Fan wished to have her marry Yun. Yun declined, saying, "We have the same surname, and your elder brother is like my elder brother." He firmly declined and i not consent. At the time, there were people that urged Yun to accept this. Yun said, "Fan was forced to surrender, nothing more. His heart has not yet been evaluated, and, in the world, women are not rare." He thus did not accept. Fan indeed escaped and fled; Yun was without the slightest suspicion.

〔一〕《雲別傳》曰：初，先主之敗，有人言雲已北去者，先主以手戟擿之曰：「子龍不棄我走也。」頃之，雲至。從平江南，以為偏將軍，領桂陽太守，代趙範。範寡嫂曰樊氏，有國色，範欲以配雲。雲辭曰：「相與同姓，卿兄猶我兄。」固辭不許。時有人勸雲納之，雲曰：「範迫降耳，心未可測；天下女不少。」遂不取。範果逃走，雲無纖介。

Previously, he and Xiahou Dun fought at Bowang, capturing alive Xiahou Lan. Lan was of Yun's [same] township; when young as boys, they knew each other. Yun reported to the Former Lord to spare him, recommending Lan who being knowledgeable of the laws to be Discipline Officer. Yun did not employ those close to himself; his prudent thinking was like this. When the Former Lord entered Yi Province, Yun also served as Major who Stays at the Camps. At the time, the Former Lord's Lady Sun, as Quan's younger sister, was arrogant and haughty. She frequently led Wu officials and soldiers and went about lawlessly. The Former Lord, because Yun's strictness and carefulness was great, [that he] would certainly be capable to put things in order, specially appointed him in charge of interior affairs. Quan heard Bei was in a western expedition and so sent big boats and ships to receive his younger sister. The Lady innerly wished to bring the Latter Lord in her return back to Wu. Yun and Zhang Fei led troops to block them at the river, thus getting the Latter Lord back.

先是，與夏侯惇戰於博望，生獲夏侯蘭。蘭是雲鄉里人，少小相知，雲白先主活之，薦蘭明於法律，以為軍正。雲不用自近，其慎慮類如此。先主入益州，雲領留營司馬。此時先主孫夫人以權妹驕豪，多將吳吏兵，縱橫不法。先主以雲嚴重，必能整齊，特任掌內事。權聞備西征，大遣舟船迎妹，而夫人內欲將後主還吳，雲與張飛勒兵截江，乃得後主還。

</details>

The Former Lord from Jiameng returned to attack Liu Zhang, summoning Zhuge Liang. Liang led Yun and Zhang Fei among others to all sail up the River north-west, pacifying the commanderies and counties. Reaching Jiangzhou, he detached and sent Yun to follow the Wai River up to Jiangyang, and he and Liang met at Chengdu. When Chengdu was settled, he made Yun the General who Assists the Army.

先主自葭萌還攻劉璋，召諸葛亮。亮率雲與張飛等俱泝江西上，平定郡縣。至江州，分遣雲從外水上江陽，與亮會于成都。成都旣定，以雲為翊軍將軍。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Yun's Separate Biography states: When Yi Province was stabilized, at the time, there were opinions that wanted houses within Chengdu, as well as the garden land outside the city and mulberry fields be divided and bestowed to the generals. Yun rebutted this, saying, "Huo Qubing, because the Xiongnu were not yet destroyed, had no need for a home. Now the national traitor is not just the Xiongnu, and we cannot look to be comfortable. We must wait until the everything is stabilized, then each can return to their mulberry and catalpa [trees]*, return to plow their lands, that it would be appropriate then, that's all. Regarding Yi Province's people, they just suffered having to bear weapons and armor. The fields and homes all should return back to them. Now we should have them live peacefully and restore their jobs. Afterwards, we can conscript and tax them. This would gain their support." The Former Lord hence followed this.

〔一〕《雲別傳》曰：益州旣定，時議欲以成都中屋舍及城外園地桑田分賜諸將。雲駮之曰：「霍去病以匈奴未滅，無用家為，今國賊非但匈奴，未可求安也。須天下都定，各反桑梓，歸耕本土，乃其宜耳。益州人民，初罹兵革，田宅皆可歸還，今安居復業，然後可役調，得其歡心。」先主即從之。

When Xiahou Yuan was defeated, Excellency Cao attacked the lands of Hanzhong, transporting grain down the northern mountains which numbered 10,000,000 sacks. Huang Zhong believed they could be seized and Yun's troops followed Zhong to take the grain. Zhong exceeded the time [expected to return] and did not return, so Yun led 10 light cavalry to leave the camp to look for Zhong and the others. It happened that Excellency Cao raised troops and set out greatly. Yun was attacked by the Excellency's vanguard, but just as they fought, the main force [of Cao Cao] arrived, the situation became more urgent, thus he went forward to penetrate their formation, fighting while retreating. The Excellency's army dispersed, then reorganized. Yun was stuck among the enemy and returned quickly to his camp. His general, Zhang Zhe, suffered from injury, so Yun again galloped his horse and returned to rescue him, retrieving Zhe. The Excellency's army pursued until the camp, and at the time, the Chief of Mianyang; Zhang Yi was inside Yun's camp. Yi wanted to close the gates and resist and defend, yet Yun entered the camp, then widely opened the gate, lowering flags and quieting drums. The Excellency's army suspected Yun had ambush troops, so led a retreat. Yun thunderously beat the drums that shook the Heavens. He only used the crossbows at the rear to shoot the Excellency's army. The Excellency's army was shocked and terrified, trampling and treading on each other, and those who fell into the Han River and died were extreme and many. The Former Lord at dawn of the next day himself came to Yun's camp and observe the past day's battlefield. He said, "Zilong is full of gall!" They entertained, drinking and feasting, until dark. Those in the army nicknamed Yun General Mighty as a Tiger.

夏侯淵敗，曹公爭漢中地，運米北山下，數千萬囊。黃忠以為可取，雲兵隨忠取米。忠過期不還，雲將數十騎輕行出圍，迎視忠等。值曹公揚兵大出，雲為公前鋒所擊，方戰，其大衆至，勢逼，遂前突其陣，且鬬且却。公軍散，已復合，雲陷敵，還趣圍。將張著被創，雲復馳馬還營迎著。公軍追至圍，此時沔陽長張翼在雲圍內，翼欲閉門拒守，而雲入營，更大開門，偃旗息鼓。公軍疑雲有伏兵，引去。雲雷鼓震天，惟以戎弩於後射公軍，公軍驚駭，自相蹂踐，墮漢水中死者甚多。先主明旦自來至雲營圍視昨戰處，曰：「子龍一身都是膽也。」作樂飲宴至暝，軍中號雲為虎威將軍。

Sun Quan struck Jing Province; the Former Lord was very furious and wanted to suppress Quan. Yun admonished and said, "The national traitor is Cao Cao, not Sun Quan! Moreover, if we first destroy Wei, then Wu will naturally serve. Though Cao himself died, his son, Pi, usurped and stole [the throne]. We ought to follow the masses' hearts and quickly plan [to take] Guanzhong and occupy the [Yellow] and the Wei Rivers and go upstream to suppress cruel traitors. Righteous warriors of Guandong will surely bring supplies and urge their horses as to welcome the kingly sovereign. You should not set aside Wei and first fight with Wu. Once our armies clash, we cannot quickly end it." The Former Lord did not listen, thus going on eastern expedition, having Yun remain to supervise Jiangzhou. The Former Lord was defeated at Zigui. Yun advanced troops until Yong'an, but the Wu army already retreated.

孫權襲荊州，先主大怒，欲討權。雲諫曰：「國賊是曹操，非孫權也，且先滅魏，則吳自服。操身雖斃，子丕篡盜，當因衆心，早圖關中，居河、渭上流以討凶逆，關東義士必裹糧策馬以迎王師。不應置魏，先與吳戰；兵勢一交，不得卒解也。」先主不聽，遂東征，留雲督江州。先主失利於秭歸，雲進兵至永安，吳軍已退。

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In the 1st year of the Jianxing era, he became zhonghujun, General who Conquers the South, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Yongchang District, shifting to General who Guards the East.

建興元年，為中護軍、征南將軍，封永昌亭侯，遷鎮東將軍。

In the 5th year, he followed Zhuge Liang to station at Hanzhong. The next year, Liang's army left, exclaiming to follow the Xiegu Road. Cao Zhen sent a large army to oppose him. Liang ordered Yun and Deng Zhi to go oppose, while he himself attacked Qi Mountain. Yun and Zhi were weak and the enemy strong, losing at Jigu, but afterwards collected troops to firmly defend, so it did not reach a great defeat. The army retreated and he was demoted to General who Guards the Army.

五年，隨諸葛亮駐漢中。明年，亮出軍，揚聲由斜谷道，曹真遣大衆當之。亮令雲與鄧芝往拒，而身攻祁山。雲、芝兵弱敵彊，失利於箕谷，然歛衆固守，不至大敗。軍退，貶為鎮軍將軍。

〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Yun's Separate Biography states: Liang said, "When the army at Jieting retreated, soldiers and generals no longer led together; when the army at Jigu retreated, the soldiers and army [remained as] before without being scattered together. Why so?" Zhi replied, "Yun himself guarded the rear, [ensuring] that military supplies and items that none were abandoned, that soldiers and generals had no chance to lose each other." Yun's military armies had surplus silk, so Liang had him divide and bestow it to the generals. Yun said, "The military affair was unsuccessful. How can we bestow others? These items ought to all enter the Chian government arsenal. We should wait until the 10th month to [grant] winter bestowments to them." Liang was greatly pleased.

〔一〕《雲別傳》曰：亮曰：「街亭軍退，兵將不復相錄，箕谷軍退，兵將初不相失，何故？」芝荅曰：「雲身自斷後，軍資什物略無所棄，兵將無緣相失。」雲有軍資餘絹，亮使分賜將士，雲曰：「軍事無利，何為有賜？其物請悉入赤岸府庫，須十月為冬賜。」亮大善之。

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In the 7th year, he died, and posthumously titled the Obedient and Orderly Marquis.

七年卒，追謚順平侯。

Previously, during the Former Lord's reign, only Fa Zheng was granted a posthumous title. During the Latter Lord's reign, Zhuge Liang's merits and virtue was unparalleled; Jiang Wan and Fei Yi bore [heavy] responsibility of the state, so they were also granted [posthumous] titles. Chen Zhi was a favored attendant and was bestowed special rewards. Xiahou Ba came afar to surrender to this nation, hence they were also granted [posthumous] titles; therefore, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong, and Yun were thus posthumously titled. The discourse at the time considered it a honor.

初，先主時，惟法正見謚；後主時，諸葛亮功德蓋世，蔣琬、費禕荷國之重，亦見謚；陳祗寵待，特加殊獎，夏侯霸遠來歸國，故復得謚；於是關羽、張飛、馬超、龐統、黃忠及雲乃追謚，時論以為榮。〔一〕

<summary>[Pei Songzhi's Annotations]</summary>

〔一〕Yun's Separate Biography contains the Former Lord's edict that stated: "Yun previously followed the Former Emperor, his merits and accomplishments already outstanding. When I was but a young infant, we trekked through the paths of great difficulty, relying on his loyalty and obedience to escape from peril. Posthumous titles are used to describe ones with foremost merits. There should be an official discussion for Yun to be granted a suitable posthumous title." The Generalissimo; Jiang Wei and others discussed, reasoning that Yun previously followed the Former Emperor, that his merits and accomplishments being already outstanding, having managed the realm and conforming to laws and rules, that his merits can be recorded. At the Battle of Dangyang, his righteousness could penetrate metal and stone, that his loyalty had defended his superiors, that his lord remembered [to give] his awards; that his respect was generous to his subordinates, that subordinates [were willing to] give up their deaths. If the dead have consciousness, such [deeds] are capable of being immortal; the living received his kindness, so much so they were [willing] to sacrifice themselves. To cite the Law of Posthumous Titles, one with gentle virtue and compassionate benevolence can be called the Obedient; performing matters orderly can be called the Orderly; overcoming and stabilizing disaster and chaos can be called the Orderly. Accordingly the posthumous title for Yun was the Obedient and Orderly Marquis.

〔一〕《雲別傳》載後主詔曰：「雲昔從先帝，功績旣著。朕以幼沖，涉塗艱難，賴恃忠順，濟於危險。夫謚所以叙元勳也，外議雲宜謚。」大將軍姜維等議，以為雲昔從先帝，勞績旣著，經營天下，遵奉法度，功效可書。當陽之役，義貫金石，忠以衞上，君念其賞，禮以厚下，臣忘其死。死者有知，足以不朽；生者感恩，足以殞身。謹按《謚法》，柔賢慈惠曰順，執事有班曰平，克定禍亂曰平，應謚雲曰順平侯。

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Yun's son, Tong, succeeded him, and whose rank reached Palace Gentleman Rapid as Tigers and xinglingjun. His second son, Guang, was General at the Ivory Gates, followed Jiang Wei to Dazhong, and in battle fought and died.

雲子統嗣，官至虎賁中郎督，行領軍。次子廣，牙門將，隨姜維沓中，臨陣戰死。

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<details><summary>Commentary</summary>

Commentary: Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are both praised as a foe for ten thousand and their generation's fierce servants. Yu repaid Excellency Cao; Fei righteously released Yan Yan. They both had the style of a nation's hero. However, Yu was headstrong and self-important; Fei was violent and without kindness. With their faults achieving defeat, it is a constant of logic. Ma Chao relied on both the Rong and his courage, overturning his clan. Quite pitiful! But he was able to become superior from inferiority, isn't that better? Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were strong, sincere, and mighty. Both of them were like claws and teeth. Were they Guan [Ying] and [the Duke of Teng]'s successors?

評曰：關羽、張飛皆稱萬人之敵，為世虎臣。羽報效曹公，飛義釋嚴顏，並有國士之風。然羽剛而自矜，飛暴而無恩，以短取敗，理數之常也。馬超阻戎負勇，以覆其族，惜哉！能因窮致泰，不猶愈乎！黃忠、趙雲彊摯壯猛，並作爪牙，其灌、滕之徒歟？