11G OCM Create and Manage encrypted tablespaces
References
Oracle® Database Advanced Security Administrator's Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1)
Procedure
Create System Default Location
The information in the online help for owm is WRONG: the default wallet location for the oracle user is NOT $ORACLE_HOME/admin/$ORACLE_SID, but /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/oracle. (Notice the capitalisation! — ignore the /etc/oracle directory.)
The proper reference is 9.4.11 Saving in System Default.
Use the following commands to create the system default wallet location (if you have sudoers set up for the oracle user).
sudo mkdir -p /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/oracle sudo chown -R oracle:oinstall /etc/ORACLE
Create the Wallet
I used the owm GUI to create the wallet and set the auto-login attribute. If the system default location is set up correctly, you should see the following dialogue:
Make the Wallet Auto-Login
With the wallet open in owm, click the auto login entry in the Wallet menu as shown below:
Save the Wallet in the Correct Location
The correct location for the wallet is not the system default, but the following location for the example SID:
/u01/app/oracle/admin/example/wallet
This is the value displayed in the Transparent Date Encryption page of OEM.
Open the Wallet in the Database Instance
Use the following command to open the wallet by the database instance by using the wallet password:
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "********"; System altered.
First Attempt to Encrypt Columns
I tried to encrypt the LOSAL and HISAL columns in the SCOTT.SALGRADE table:
SQL> ALTER TABLE "SCOTT"."SALGRADE" MODIFY ( "LOSAL" ENCRYPT USING 'AES192',
"HISAL" ENCRYPT ); ALTER TABLE "SCOTT"."SALGRADE" MODIFY ( "LOSAL" ENCRYPT USING 'AES192', "HISAL" ENCRYPT ) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-28361: master key not yet set
An explanation of the error message is, via oerr ora 28361,:
28361, 0000, "master key not yet set" // *Cause: The master key for the instance was not set. // *Action: Execute the ALTER SYSTEM SET KEY command to set a master key // for the database instance.
Set the Database Master Key
With the wallet opened, I set the master key for the database as follows:
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "**********"; alter system set encryption key identified by "**********" * ERROR at line 1: ORA-28378: Wallet not open after setting the Master Key
An explanation of the message is, via oerr ora 28378,:
28378, 0000, "Wallet not open after setting the Master Key" // *Cause: The Master Key has been set or reset. However, wallet could not be // reopened successfully. // *Action: Reopen the wallet.
Open the wallet yet again using the wallet password:
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "**********"; System altered.
Second Attempt to Encrypt Columns
Let's try again to encrypt the LOSAL and HISAL columns in the SCOTT.SALGRADE table:
SQL> ALTER TABLE "SCOTT"."SALGRADE" MODIFY ( "LOSAL" ENCRYPT USING 'AES192',
"HISAL" ENCRYPT ); Table altered.
Now it works!
Check that Data is Accessible
Ran the following test to see that the data is still visible:
SQL> select * from scott.salgrade; GRADE LOSAL HISAL ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 700 1200 2 1201 1400 3 1401 2000 4 2001 3000 5 3001 9999
Test the Auto Login Feature of the Wallet
To test whether to wallet will be automatically opened when the database instance restarts, I did the following test:
SQL> shutdown immediate Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 322240512 bytes Fixed Size 1299652 bytes Variable Size 155192124 bytes Database Buffers 159383552 bytes Redo Buffers 6365184 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> select * from scott.salgrade; GRADE LOSAL HISAL ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 700 1200 2 1201 1400 3 1401 2000 4 2001 3000 5 3001 9999
Create an Encrypted Tablespace
I used the following command to create an encrypted tablespace called ENCRYPTED_TS:
SQL> CREATE SMALLFILE TABLESPACE "ENCRYPTED_TS" DATAFILE '+DATA' SIZE 100M LOGGING EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT) ENCRYPTION USING 'AES192'; Tablespace created.
And I set up a test table in this tablespace and added some data to it:
SQL> CREATE TABLE "SCOTT"."TEST_ENCRYPT1" ( "COL1" NUMBER, "COL2" VARCHAR2(20))
TABLESPACE "ENCRYPTED_TS"; Table created. SQL> insert into scott.test_encrypt1 values (1, 'ONE'); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> select * from scott.test_encrypt1; COL1 COL2 ---------- -------------------- 1 ONE
Key Points to Remember
Correct Wallet Location
The correct wallet location is $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet which is NOT the system default.
Creation of Wallet
Use owm to create the wallet.
Set Auto Login
Use owm on an opened wallet to set the auto login feature.
Set Master Key
To set the master key:
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY wallet_pw;ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY master_key;ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY wallet_pw;