HIV and AIDS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells) which help fight off infections. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, occurring when the immune system is severely damaged. 

Key Facts and Differences

• Relationship: HIV is the virus; AIDS is the condition that can result from a long-term, untreated HIV infection.

• Progression: With modern treatment, many people with HIV never develop AIDS.

• Cure: There is currently no effective cure, but it is a manageable chronic condition.

• Transmission: HIV is spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. 

Stages of Infection

1. Acute HIV Infection: Within 2–4 weeks of infection, some people experience flu-like symptoms (fever, rash, sore throat).

2. Chronic HIV Infection: The virus multiplies at lower levels. People may have no symptoms for 10 years or more but can still transmit the virus.

3. AIDS: The final stage, diagnosed when CD4 cell counts fall below 200 cells/mm³ or when specific "opportunistic infections" develop. 

Prevention and Treatment

• Treatment (ART): Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) involves daily medications that reduce the "viral load" in the blood. If the load becomes undetectable, the virus cannot be transmitted through sex (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).

• Prevention Tools:

  • PrEP: A daily pill for people at high risk to prevent acquiring the virus.

  • PEP: Emergency medicine taken within 72 hours after potential exposure.

  • Barriers: Consistent use of condoms and using sterile needles. 

Testing

Testing is the only way to know your status. Options include: 

• Antigen/Antibody Tests: Usually done with a blood draw.

• Rapid Tests: Use a finger prick or oral fluid and provide results in minutes.

• Self-Testing: Kits available for home use.