The Basic

The basic books of home and abode literatures with reference to warfare or peace-fare of:

• Spirit (Sport and Computer) Games

• Body (Sport and Computer) Games

• Soul (Sport and Computer) Games

Focuses on obstacles experienced by life and death or non (life and death) beings or deities before, during, behind, after, behind battlefields and peace-fields through feed-back or fast-forward mechanisms of eating and drinking i.e (reading, teaching, studying, learning, resting, playing, working, hearing, meditating) which are like (sowing, reaping or harvesting) activities and passivities. However depending on pretext, context, post-text of battlefields and peace-fields situations or circumstances of the active and passive challenges, these deities and beings as tool boxes earn:

• feed-back or fast-forward (demotion and promotion) failures or successes 

• fast-forward or feed-back  double (promotion and demotion) failures or successes

Etc and vice versa.

Through tool kits such as predators, ministry of defence and sport players as well as gardening and farming tool kits.

The easy active and passive obstacles or challenges arises into double promotion and demotion.

The difficult active and passive obstacles or challenges arises into single promotion and demotion.

Predators as forces are decreasing the amounts of preys i.e securities, fruits, books, nutritions, balls, sacrifices, boluses etc inside and outside the source.

Ministries of defence as forces are alternating the amounts of preys i.e securities, fruits, books, nutritions, balls, sacrifices, boluses etc inside and outside the source.

Sport players as forces are increasing the amounts of preys i.e securities, fruits, books, nutritions, balls, sacrifices, boluses etc inside and outside the source.

The basic books of home abode literatures is about:

• Herbalism

• Animal Anatomy and Physiology

• Basic Pharmacology

Herbalism, or herbal medicine, is the study and use of medicinal plants for promoting health and treating illnesses. It has been the primary source of medicine for humans for thousands of years and is still widely practiced around the world. 

Core principles

• Holistic approach: Herbalists focus on treating the underlying causes of illness rather than just the symptoms, taking into account a person's physical and emotional health.

• Individualized treatment: Practitioners create personalized herbal prescriptions based on a detailed understanding of the patient's specific health condition, lifestyle, and other factors.

• Synergy of compounds: Herbalists often use preparations made from the whole plant or combinations of different plants. This is based on the belief that the various phytochemicals in the plant work together synergistically to produce a more beneficial effect than any single isolated compound. 

How it works

Herbal remedies are derived from various parts of plants, including the leaves, flowers, roots, and bark. The methods for preparing and administering these remedies vary and include: 

• Teas and infusions: Herbs steeped in hot water.

• Decoctions: Herbal material, often roots or bark, boiled for a longer period.

• Tinctures: Alcohol-based extracts that preserve the plant's active ingredients.

• Oils and salves: Plant compounds infused into a carrier oil to create topical applications.

• Capsules: Containing powdered or dried herbs. 

Traditional systems of herbalism 

Herbalism encompasses many different traditions from around the world, each with its own philosophical and diagnostic framework. 

• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Has a history of over 3,000 years and is based on a holistic view of the body's energy (

• Qi

• 𝑄𝑖), moisture, and blood. Diagnosis often involves pulse and tongue observation.

• Ayurveda: Originating in India, this practice aims to balance the mind, body, and spirit. It uses a combination of diet, herbs, exercise, and breathing techniques.

• Western Herbalism: A tradition with roots in Greco-Roman, Arabic, European, and American cultures

Animal Anatomy  and Physiology are two complementary fields of biology that study the structure and function of animals. Together, they provide a comprehensive understanding of how animals are built and how their bodies work to sustain life, adapt to the environment, and perform various life processes.

Animal Anatomy: The study of structure

Animal anatomy is the study of the form and physical structure of an animal and its parts. It explores how an animal's body is organized, from the cellular level to its organ systems. Key areas of focus include: 

• Gross anatomy: The study of structures that are visible to the naked eye, such as organs, muscles, and bones.

• Microscopic anatomy (histology): The study of tissues and cells using a microscope.

• Comparative anatomy: The study of structural similarities and differences between different animal species, which provides insight into evolution and adaptation. 

Animal Physiology: The study of function

Animal physiology is the study of how an animal's body and its parts function. It investigates the physical and chemical processes that occur within an animal's cells, tissues, and organ systems. Physiologists seek to understand: 

• How different organ systems work together.

• How animals maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis).

• How animals adapt to various environmental conditions.

• The regulation of biological processes, such as metabolism, reproduction, and respiration

The relationship between anatomy and physiology

The structure of an animal (anatomy) is fundamentally linked to its function (physiology). An animal's physical design determines the capabilities of its bodily systems. For example: 

• Bird anatomy and flight: The lightweight, hollow bones and aerodynamic body shape of a bird (anatomy) are directly responsible for its ability to fly (a physiological function).

• Ruminant anatomy and digestion: The complex, four-chambered stomach of a ruminant animal like a cow (anatomy) allows it to break down tough plant matter through fermentation (a physiological process).

Major organ systems

The integrated study of animal anatomy and physiology often focuses on the key organ systems, including:

• Skeletal system: Provides support, protection, and a framework for movement.

• Muscular system: Enables locomotion and other movements.

• Nervous system: Coordinates the body's activities and responses to stimuli.

• Circulatory system: Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body.

• Respiratory system: Manages gas exchange, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

• Digestive system: Breaks down food for energy and nutrient absorption.

• Endocrine system: Produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

• Reproductive system: Responsible for procreation

Applications and importance

An understanding of animal anatomy and physiology is foundational for a wide range of fields, including:

• Veterinary medicine: For diagnosing and treating diseases and injuries.

• Animal care and husbandry: For the proper management of livestock and companion animals.

• Zoology: For studying animal biology, evolution, and adaptations.

• Conservation biology: For understanding the unique adaptations of wildlife species

Basic Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce an effect. It is a foundational biomedical science that explains how medicines work, how the body responds to them, and the factors that influence their effectiveness and safety. 

The field is traditionally divided into two main areas:

• Pharmacokinetics (PK): What the body does to the drug.

• Pharmacodynamics (PD): What the drug does to the body. 

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug. It describes the drug's journey through the body using the acronym ADME: 

• Absorption: How the drug gets into the body's circulation. The route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, transdermal) affects the speed and extent of absorption. Oral medications, for instance, can be subject to the "first-pass effect," where the drug is metabolized by the liver and intestines before it can reach systemic circulation.

• Distribution: How the drug spreads throughout the body into various tissues and fluids. Factors like blood flow, a drug's ability to cross barriers like the blood-brain barrier, and its tendency to bind to plasma proteins influence distribution. Only the "free" or unbound drug can produce an effect.

• Metabolism: How the body chemically modifies the drug into other substances called metabolites, primarily in the liver. Metabolism often converts a drug into a more water-soluble form for easier excretion, but sometimes it can activate a prodrug or form toxic metabolites.

• Excretion: How the body eliminates the drug and its metabolites. This mainly occurs through the kidneys in the urine, but can also happen via bile, feces, lungs, or sweat. A drug's half-life, the time it takes for its concentration to decrease by half, is a key metric for determining dosing frequency. 

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

Pharmacodynamics describes how a drug affects the body. It explores the drug's mechanism of action and its biochemical and physiological effects. Key concepts include: 

• Mechanism of action: How a drug interacts with specific targets like receptors or enzymes to produce an effect.

• Dose-response relationship: The relationship between drug concentration and the resulting effect, which helps determine potency and efficacy.

• Drug targets: The molecules a drug binds to, including agonists that activate receptors and antagonists that block them.

• Therapeutic index: The range of drug doses that are effective without being toxic. Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index require careful monitoring. 

How drugs work: The PK/PD cycle

The journey of a drug in the body follows a specific cycle that relies on both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 

1. Administration: The drug is taken via a specific route, such as orally or intravenously.

2. Absorption and Distribution: The drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body to reach its target site.

3. Binding and Action: The drug reaches its target (e.g., a specific receptor) and binds to it, triggering a biochemical or physiological effect. This is the pharmacodynamic phase.

4. Metabolism and Excretion: The body metabolizes the drug and then excretes it, lowering the concentration of the drug over time.

5. Timing and Efficacy: The drug's half-life (the time it takes for its concentration to decrease by 50%) determines how long its effect lasts. This information helps establish the appropriate dosing frequency. 

Key terms and related fields

• Bioavailability: The fraction of an administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.

• Half-life: The time required for the concentration of a drug in the body to be reduced by half.

• Therapeutic Effect: The desired, beneficial effect of a drug.

• Side Effects: Undesired, unintended effects that occur during drug therapy.

• Pharmacogenomics: The study of how a person's genetic makeup affects their response to drugs.

• Toxicology: A related field that focuses on the harmful or toxic effects of chemicals.

• Pharmacognosy: The study of medicines derived from natural sources, such as plants. 

Other important areas of pharmacology

• Clinical pharmacology: The study of drug use in humans to optimize treatment and safety.

• Toxicology: The study of harmful effects of substances, including how therapeutic drugs can become toxic at high doses.

• Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: These fields investigate how an individual's genetics influence drug response.

• Chemotherapy: The use of chemical agents to treat diseases like cancer or infections by killing specific cells.

• Pharmacotherapy: The use of medications to treat diseases, manage symptoms, or alter a condition.