Arms Race

A situation in which two or more nations increase their military expenditure due to a shared mistrust. The arms race is a direct consequence of the security dilemma (or spiral of insecurity).

Example:

North Korea and South Korea have continually increased their military strength over the years, with North Korea's missile tests and South Korea's missile defense systems, driven by mutual distrust.

Cyberwarfare

The use (or threat) of cyber weapons against another with the intention of causing digital harm. Cyber hostilities may lead towards conventional warfare between two or more states. For instance, Israel and Iran have been victims (and perpetrators) of cyberwarfare operations.

Example:

In 2012, a cyberattack on Saudi Aramco, the world’s largest oil company, caused a shutdown of its computer networks, disrupting oil production and oilfield operations. The attack was believed to be carried out by Iran, aiming to disrupt Saudi Arabia’s oil infrastructure and weaken its economy.

Game Theory

A theoretical model which highlights the manner in which decision-makers interact to take into account the choices of other decision- makers. Conflict and cooperation can be understood via the application of game theory.

Example:

In trade negotiations, countries may decide whether to impose tariffs or open markets, considering how their partners might respond to protect their own economic interests. If one country imposes tariffs or restrictions, the other might retaliate, leading to decreased trade efficiency, higher costs, and potential economic harm for both.

Stockholm Declaration

An agreement reached by participants at the 1972 UN Conference on the environment. The Stockholm Declaration marked a new approach to the issue of environmental degradation.

The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty that aims to protect human health and the environment from the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

BACK

Page updated

Google Sites

Report abuse