The insular fauna of Marie Byrd

Between barren mountains and cold forests

Marie Byrd is the coldest of the three main islands of Antarctica and the second largest, with a total surface of around 250.000 km2, comparable to the canadian Victoria island. Despite the relatively harsher environment compared to Ellsworth and Weddell, Marie Byrd island possesses a large plant biodiversity thanks to the presence of large coastal plains, hills and even a fragmented mountain range that splits in two the territory: the portion that faces the Ross sea is more protected by strong winds, but on the other hand it's also colder than the oceanic part due to internal circular currents of the gulf. The combination of climate and geography transforms Marie Byrd into an immense mosaic, with cold savannas alternated by dense forests.

In the past 20 million years, Marie Byrd was the rail kingdom, with over 40 species of rallids from the size of a starling to the one of a cassowary; however, during the short sea level retreat of the middle Lentocene, several species of mainland vertebrates were able to conquer the island, displacing most of its unique fauna. Only a quarter of the original rail biodiversity was able to survive and speciate in sturdier and more competitive forms.

Die hard

Pingers are the only relictual members of an endemic flightless group of rails of Marie Byrd called Insurallidae, known for the screeching sound they make when on alert. 5 species are present at the moment, all of them insectivorous or carnivorous. 
The smallest species is the Cricket pinger (Entomorallus marieaensis), a 10 kilos rail specialized in hunting the giant crickets of the island (as large as a human hand). Large feet are an optimal adaptation to dig and destroy crickets' burrows, which are then quickly caught with their long and robust beak.
They are the only pingers that nest on trees: when the breeding season starts, female cricket pingers accumulate plant matter to create messy nests on low branches. They have no adaptations for climbing, but this tactic seems to be very effective to protect eggs from a way larger rail, which is the main superpredator of the island: the scary pinger (Carnirallus auditorius).
These gigantic rails are fierce carnivores that prey on nearly anything (from eggs to immature ducktails), thanks to their pointed conical beak. Large size enables them to easily cleptoparasite the kills of geotters or small birds of prey. They mainly inhabit lowlands, but during summers they can be found as high as 1500 meters above the sea (4921 feet).
When facing a competitor or a threat, scary pingers ruffle their feathers and produce a loud hiss, curiously similar to that of a barn owl.

Dangers from the sky

Scary pingers have fear of nothing, except for one thing, i.e. the nightmare of any animal on the island: the crowned incubo (Vulturaquila cristata). It's a giant eagle with a wingspan of 3.5 meters, as much as a wandering albatross with strong talons that could pierce the thick skin of an armadrail.
They are capable of bringing down the heaviest ducktails on the island without any issues, but their large wings do not allow them to pursue their prey inside closed forests.
They are not endemic to Marie Byrd, but they can be found also in Weddell and Ellsworth islands, with some scattered populations in the Lorentz peninsula. On the mainland, crowned incubos are replaced by an even larger species of the same genus, which predominantly lives in the Scrubring. Nests are made on cliffs, where they accumulate aromatic plants to cover the smell of nestling feces, to deter parasites and other harmful insects.

Inside woodlands, where this giant eagle is unable to hunt, a silent predator stalks its prey from its roost, before striking them down: the spectacled skeagle (Charadriraptor insularis).
With the expansion of forests, skeagles were able to flourish again, maintaining a woodland preference. Their wings are rounded, to quickly change direction and dodge trees while moving at high speed. Ground tyrants, wotters and rails are no match against this bird, which is as large as a harpy eagle. Spectacled skeagles are found only on Marie Byrd, but they are not alone: at least two skeagles are found there, adapted to hunt smaller prey. Skeagles create their nests on large trees, usually austral oaks, where they lay up to 3 eggs: unlike incubos, skeagles do not show a siblicide behavior, taking care of their nestlings until they become autonomous.
Its name derives from the color pattern of its dorsal plumage, which resembles two large eyes, a bizarre (but successful) method that discourages attacks from larger birds.

Naturalized invaders

Geotters and ducktails were the cause of the collapse of the endemic rail fauna of Marie Byrds but, after 10 million years of isolation, they are now a fundamental part of the trophic chain. Mariebirds (Dromeornis sp.), a lineage of ducktails, are in fact the main herbivores of the island, being found from the coldest tundra to the darkest woodland. They usually live in large herds that seasonally migrate from inland to coastal ecosystems, where food remains relatively abundant even during winter. Size is extremely variable in this ducktail genus: tundra species are small and cursorial, while lowland species possess graviportal adaptations and can exceed 150 kg of weight (330 lb). Large species tend to be grazers, while small species are mixed feeders or browsers.

Aside from wotters, which were able to passively colonize every large island of Antarctica, Marie Byrd is the only island that was successfully colonized by biwolves. Only one species, the insular biwolf (Lutracyon insularis), survived after Marie Byrd isolation; compared to its mainland relatives, this biwolf possesses a lighter structure, maintaining the great bite force of their ancestors. Since herdstalkers were not able to reach Marie Byrds, insular biwolves can be found outside woodlands habitats, where they ordinarily hunt small mariebirds. Ground tyrants' tunnels are often used by this geotter as a den to raise their cubs.
Insular biwolves are the only members of Lutracyoninae to optionally hibernate: in the toughest periods of July and June, this geotter undergoes a periodical state of dormancy of a few weeks, lowering their body temperature by several degrees. This behavior is usually triggered by abundant snowfalls (>90 cm/3 feet), which are rarely experienced by its mainland relative, the jackal biwolf.