The insular fauna of Ellsworth

A dynamic ecosystem 

After the little ice age of the middle Lentocene, Ellsworth island suffered a great sinking process, becoming completely separated from Weddell island and causing the complete extinction of the established populations of wedducks. It is now the smallest among the three main antarctic islands, being smaller than Tasmania.
Despite its relatively northern position and mild climate, Ellsworth has low plant diversity, mostly caused by its homogeneous geography, with virtually no mountains in the entire territory except for a few domes, that rarely exceed 700 meters (2300 feet). The island is completely forested: the dominant tree species include austral oaks (Austriquercus sp.), dubious beeches (Ignothofagus sp.) and an endemic giant heat (Crioerica macrotruncus).

Due to extreme semidiurnal tides, Ellsworth periodically becomes an archipelago, with 7 large islands that act as main refuges. If some terrestrial animals need to move, they have only a few hours before the high tide return. This dynamic ecosystem has mostly limited the evolution of large organisms but, as always, in the middle of every difficulty lies an opportunity.

The land of pigeons

After the sinking event, no flightless birds were able to survive on Ellsworth island, except for two species.
The first one was a species of semi-arboreal columbids, probably derived from the barbed neckpigeon. With the extinction of wedducks, these lucky birds have significantly increased in size, becoming as heavy as an emu: we're talking about the dodoves (Dodomimus ellsworthyii).
Remotely resembling a giant and slender dodo, the dodove is characterized by an extremely nomadic behavior: thanks to their strong legs, dodoves successfully take advantage of low tides to move from island to island in search of new sources of food. They are also good swimmers, capable of swimming for several kilometers before fainting.
They mostly forage on leaves, fruits and grass, which are assimilated thanks to an enlarged crop rich in bacteria that optimize cellulose digestion. Occasionally, they can also forage on insects, seeds and sea algae.
Dodoves live in family groups with strong social bonds: young dodoves leave their group only after reaching three years old, but they continue to maintain good relations with their parents. Adults possess large and ossified wings bones that are mostly used as a defense strategy against rival groups or predators, like the crowned incubo. They are also useful for wading while swimming to another island during high tides. 

Aside from dodoves, another species of columbid can be found on Ellsworth island: the giant budpigeon (Germicolumba gigantea).
This endemic species is most probably the largest flying herbivorous bird on the island and one of the largest flying columbids ever, weighing over 5 kg (11 lbs). Other species of budpigeons can be found outside Ellsworth island, especially on the mainland, but none of them exceed the size of a domestic pigeon.
As the name suggests, the giant budpigeon mostly forages on tree buds (especially during spring) that are sheared thanks to their powerful beaks. Nests are usually made in the upper part of the tree canopy, where they can easily spot approaching wotters that could prey on their eggs. 

Feeding on the debris

The second flightless species that was able to survive the sinking event was a species of stiltpecker, which completely abandoned its ordinary prey (wedducks), becoming a small efficient opportunist: the dwarf stiltpecker (Gallochionis minutus). No larger than a turkey, this fast predator feed on everything available in the island-archipelago. During low tides, dwarf stiltpeckers often feed on crustaceans and sea debris, while during high tides they mostly feast on eggs, invertebrates and small birds.
They are the main predators of dodove chicks, which are caught during moments of carelessness of their parents: this action can be very dangerous for stilpeckers, since a full-grown dodove could beat them to death in a second. Thankfully, they can easily outrun these aggressive herbivores with their light body.
Dwarf stiltpeckers possess a large fleshy wattle on their head, which is usually larger in males, used as a sexual display: to impress females, male stilpeckers challenge each other in ritual dances that can last for even an hour. 

Cover photo by Enrico M. Perlini