A fishing day in the D.D.

The Double Delta (D.D.) is the most biodiverse freshwater ecosystem of entire Antarctica. Reeds, brackish lakes, peatlands, riparian forests...any type of temperate wetland habitat can be found here. Fish diversity is very consistent, with over 100 species described. Most of them, are just marine fish clades that slowly adapted to less saline habitats, like Goldsardinas (Fluvisarniops aurum), distant relatives of sardines, that are the base of the trophic chain of the D.D. They are catadromous, like eels, living most of their life in freshwater and then moving to estuarine habitats for reproduction. Another once marine species is the long perch (Archaeoperca lungissima) that, despite its name, it's not a perch (Percidae) but a notothen (Nototheniidae), a fish family endemic to the Antarctic sea. It's relatively large and not very fast, eating mostly sessile organisms that live on the bottom of the lake and slow rivers. Despite being large, the long perch is nothing compared to the Primo (Primo salmonimorphus), the largest freshwater fish of Antarctica, that can sometimes exceed 2.5 meters (8.2 lbs), derived from a saltwater salmonid with semi-anadromous habits. It's the top predator of antarctic internal waters, capable of eating anything that fits in its mouth, even semi-aquatic birds such as ducks, tokas and icekissers.

In the most algae-rich riverbeds, dozens of flyingcarps (Amnisperca sp.) can be found grazing together: don't get me wrong, these fish are carps (Cyprinidae), but they do not fly. They resemble classical holocenic carps, adapted to freshwater habitats, with no apparent ancestors adapted to marine waters. This fish arrived in Antarctica and rapidly colonized any possible freshwater habitat only thanks to zoochory dispersal: flyingcarps produce a great number of eggs that stick to any surface, including aquatic vegetation; lots of aquatic birds indirectly eat flyingcarps eggs by feeding on aquatic plants or algae, that is mostly digested in their stomach...but not all. A small percentage of eggs can pass through the digestive tract and then be expelled from the cloaca. Despite the low percentage of survival (0.001%), it's a significant number compared to the annual egg production of a flyingcarp (up to 2 million). Even if amazing (or impossible) for someone, it's not the first time that a fish evolves a facultative method of dispersal and it could be more common than expected.

The D.D. morphology is constantly changing, creating short-lived swamps when a delta branch dies or moves to a new direction. After many years, these large ponds (like the one in the photo) could become peatlands, or re-attach to other new delta branches.