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IT Fundamentals

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CLOUD FUNDAMENTALS SPECIALIZATION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COURSE 1: INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS [하드웨어 및 운영체제 기초]

⇒ Introduction to Computing Fundamentals [컴퓨팅 기초 개론] ⇐

⇒ Computing Devices and Peripherals [컴퓨팅 장치 및 주변기기] ⇐

⇒ Interfaces and Connectors [인터페이스 및 커넥터] ⇐

⇒ Internal Computer Components [컴퓨터 내부 구성 요소] ⇐

⇒ Integrated Circuit - Memory Semiconductors [집적회로 - 메모리 반도체] ⇐

⇒ Integrated Circuit - System Semiconductors, i.e., Microprocessors [집적회로 - 시스템 반도체] ⇐

COURSE 2: INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE, PROGRAMMING AND DATABASES [소프트웨어, 프로그래밍, 및 데이터베이스 기초]

⇒ Computing Platforms and Software Applications [컴퓨팅 플랫폼 및 응용 소프트웨어] ⇐

⇒ Fundamentals of Web Browser, Applications, and Cloud Computing [웹 브라우저, 애플리케이션, 클라우드 컴퓨팅] ⇐

⇒ Basics of Programming [프로그래밍 기초] ⇐

⇒ Database Fundamentals [데이터베이스 기초] ⇐

COURSE 3: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING [클라우드 컴퓨팅 개론]

⇒ Overview A: Introduction to Cloud Computing [클라우드 컴퓨팅 개론] ⇐

⇒ Overview B: Cloud Computing Business Case [클라우드 컴퓨팅의 비즈니스 타당성] ⇐

⇒ Overview C: Emerging Technologies Accelerated by Cloud [클라우드 기술로 가속화되는 기술] ⇐

⇒ Model A: Service Models [클라우드 서비스 제공 모델] ⇐

⇒ Model B: Deployment Models [클라우드 서비스 배포 모델] ⇐

⇒ Component A: Cloud Infrastructure [클라우드 인프라스트럭처 구성] ⇐

⇒ Component B: Cloud Storage and Content Delivery Networks [클라우드 스토리지 및 콘텐츠 전송 네트워크] ⇐

⇒ Trend A: Hybrid Multi-Cloud, Microservers, Serverless [하이브리드 멀티 클라우드, 마이크로서버, 서버리스 컴퓨팅] ⇐

⇒ Trend B: Cloud Native Applications, DevOps, Application Modernization [클라우드 네이티브 애플리케이션, 데브옵스, 애플리케이션 현대화] ⇐

⇒ Security: Cloud Security and Monitoring [클라우드 보안 체계 및 실시간 모니터링] ⇐

⇒ Case: Cloud Case Studies and Jobs [클라우드 적용 사례 및 관련 직무] ⇐

COURSE 4: INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING AND STORAGE [네트워킹 및 스토리지 개론]

⇒ Networking Fundamentals A [네트워킹 기초] ⇐

⇒ Networking Fundamentals B [네트워킹 기초] ⇐

⇒ Configuring and Troubleshooting Networks [네트워킹 구성 및 문제 해결] ⇐

⇒ Shortage Types and Network Sharing [스토리지 유형 및 네트워킹 공유] ⇐

COURSE 5: INTRODUCTION TO CYBERSECURITY ESSENTIALS [사이버보안 기초 필수과정]

⇒ Common Security Threats and Risks [주요 보안 위협 및 위험 요소] ⇐

⇒ Security Best Practices [보안 모범 사례] ⇐

⇒ Safe Browsing Practices [안전한 브라우징 실천법] ⇐

COURSE 1: INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS [하드웨어 및 운영체제 기초]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS

⇒ Introduction to Computing Fundamentals: COMPUTER DEFINED | Computer Classifications by Size and Speed | Computer Classifications by Usage ⇐

⇒ Introduction to Computing Fundamentals Continued: 4 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER | Advantages of Using Computer ⇐

⇒ Common Types of Computing Devices: STATIONARY DEVICES | MOBILE DEVICES | INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES ⇐

⇒ How Computers Talk: Notational Systems Defined | Converting Numbers Between Notational Systems | Data Types | Character Types ⇐

⇒ Introduction to Operating Systems: OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINED | Operating System Generations | 4 MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS ⇐

COMPUTING DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS

⇒ Hardware Components and Peripherals: Computing Components Defined | Internal Components | External Components | PERIPHERAL DEVICES DEFINED ⇐

⇒ Input Devices: INPUT DEVICE DEFINED | Input Device and Pointing Device Types ⇐

⇒ Output Devices: OUTPUT DEVICE DEFINED | Display Device | Print Device | Audio Device | Visual Device ⇐

⇒ Storage Devices: STORAGE DEVICE DEFINED | HARD DISK DRIVE DEFINED | HDD Performance Measurements | OPTICAL DRIVE DEFINED ⇐

⇒ Storage Devices Continued: SOLID STATE DRIVE DEFINED | USB FLASH DRIVE DEFINED | MEMORY CARD DEFINED ⇐

INTERFACES AND CONNECTORS

⇒ Identifying Ports and Connectors: PORTS AND CONNECTORS DEFINED | INTERFACE DEFINED | USB | Thunderbolt | eSATA ⇐

⇒ Identifying Graphic Devices: Display Card Defined | DISPLAY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS | HDMI | DisplayPort | DVI ⇐

⇒ Identifying Audio Connectors: Sound Card Defined | AUDIO INTERFACE | External Audio Interface ⇐

⇒ Wired and Wireless Connections: NETWORK COMMUNICATION | WIRED CONNECTIONS | WIRELESS CONNECTIONS ⇐

⇒ Peripheral and Printer Connections: Printer Connections | Serial Cable Connections | Parallel Port Connection ⇐

⇒ Installation Types: INSTALLATION TYPES DEFINED | IP-Based Configuration | Web-Based Configuration ⇐

INTERNAL COMPUTER COMPONENTS

⇒ Internal Computer Components: MOTHERBOARD | CHIP SETS | BUS | SOCKETS | POWER CONNECTOR ⇐

⇒ Display Cards and Sound Cards: VIDEO CARD | GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT | AUDIO CARD | MIDI INTERFACE ⇐

⇒ Network Interface Cards: NIC | WIRED AND WIRELESS NIC | MODEM ⇐

⇒ Cooling and Fans: SYSTEM COOLING | COOLING METHODS ⇐

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT - MEMORY SEMICONDUCTORS

⇒ Read-Only Memory: ROM | EEPROM | FLASH MEMORY | NAND FLASH [NOT-AND] | NOR FLASH [NOT-OR] ⇐

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT - SYSTEM SEMICONDUCTORS, I.E., MICROPROCESSORS

⇒ Integrated Microprocessors: SoC [SYSTEM ON A CHIP] | AP [APPLICATION PROCESSOR] ⇐

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS [컴퓨팅 기초 개론]

COMPUTER DEFINED

⇒ Computer: A device or system that includes [i] hardware, [ii] operating system software, [iii] app software, and [iv] peripherals. ⇐

⇒ Hardware: The platform that processes data based on the provided instructions and stores data. ⇐

⇒ Peripheral Devices: The devices that enable user input and output, e.g., keyboards and monitors. ⇐

⇒ Operating System Software: The software which enables and configures hardware capabilities. ⇐

⇒ Application Software: The software enabling computer to perform particular tasks for a user. ⇐

⇒ Users: The people who provide instructions to the computers. ⇐

Computer Classifications by Size and Speed

⇒ Supercomputers: The fastest computers which are being used for the most complex mathematical and analytical computations. ⇐

⇒ Mainframe Computers: The computers that function "at the speed of business" and are used to perform transactions and more. ⇐

⇒ Minicomputers: The computers which enable more than one person to access the same data. ⇐

⇒ Microcomputers: The single-user personal devices such as laptops, smartphones, and more. ⇐

Computer Classifications by Usage

⇒ General Purpose Computers: The computers which perform day-to-day user input and output tasks. ⇐

⇒ [Ex] creating document; saving files; web conferencing; financial analysis; data analytics; coding; other multi-function capabilities. ⇐

⇒ Special Purpose Computers: The computers intended to perform defined and limited use functions. ⇐

⇒ [Ex] IoT devices, e.g., water quality reporting sensors; WiFi-enabled appliances; weather stations; alarm systems; gaming consoles. ⇐

4 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTERS

⇒ 1. Input: The process of sending outside data into a computer system where it can be understood, processed, or acted upon. ⇐

⇒ Input Types: [i] Typing or tapping a message on a keyboard [ii] Using a voice command [iii] Clicking the Send Button for Email [iv] Entering programming commands. ⇐

⇒ 2. Processing: The computer receives the input, then converts the data into format or action that a user can recognize and use. ⇐

⇒ Central Processing Units [CPU]: Processor which is located inside computers on a system board, i.e., motherboard, usually placed centrally within the devices. ⇐

⇒ Processing Types: [i] Download an app, document, or photo [ii] Move data from one drive to another [iii] Perform programming tasks [iv] Change raw data into formats. ⇐

⇒ 3. Output: The computer delivers processed results to default or configured output devices, making the data apparent and useful. ⇐

⇒ Output Types: [i] View a document, photo, or website using a monitor [ii] Listen to a live or recorded class or song [iii] Print a document or file for later use. ⇐

⇒ 4. Storage: The saving of data to the machine's drive, an external hard drive, on network or cloud storage; saving the data for reuse. ⇐

⇒ Length of Storage: The data remains for an indefinite time unless user explicitly specifies an expiration data or delete the data.⇐

⇒ When Storage Function Happens: [i] At the same time or just after the processing function completes [ii] While the output is happening. ⇐

Advantages of Using Computers

⇒ 1. Eliminated Manual Errors: By reusing data or contents via capabilities such as copy, paste, and data deduplication. ⇐

⇒ 2. Enabled Communication Speed Up: By using the network, wireless, cellular, and other communication technologies. ⇐

⇒ 3. Enabled Exponential and Complex Computations: By applying the programming languages, processors, and memory. ⇐

⇒ 4. Saved Space: By saving data and documents to disk storage, eliminating the extra storage space needed for stacks of paper. ⇐

⇒ 5. Enabled Longer-Lasting Access: By saving digital images for perpetuity, i.e., durable and long-lasting access to information. ⇐

⇒ 6. Eliminated Drudgery of Redundant Tasks: Easier editing documents and spreadsheet work manually i.e., erasing and rewrite. ⇐

COMMON COMPUTING DEVICES

⇒ 1. Stationary Devices: Devices which remain on a desk, rack, or other stationary location, e.g., workstations, servers, and tabletop gaming consoles. ⇐

⇒ [i] Consists of a box [ii] Includes processors, storage, memory, connections, often graphic cards [iii] Connects to networks, keyboards, monitors, etc. ⇐

⇒ 2. Mobile Devices: Devices which are designed to be portable and compact, e.g., laptops, tablets, smartphones, portable gaming, and smartwatches. ⇐

⇒ [i] Portable built-in battery [ii] Supports wireless connectivity [iii] Includes integrated sensors including GPS, proximity sensors, gyroscope, accelerometer. ⇐

⇒ 3. IoT Devices: Smart physical objects embedded with computing and communication capabilities, e.g., Consumer IoT, Enterprise IoT, Industrial IoT. ⇐

⇒ [i] Includes sensors, processors, connectivity modules [ii] Communicates via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, Zigbee [iii] Components unupgradable; Software upgradable. ⇐

⇒ [i] Processors: CPU [ii] Storage: Hard Drive Desk; Solid State Drive [iii] Memory: Random Access Memory [iv] Graphics Cards: Graphic Processing Units ⇐

⇒ [i] Slots: Sockets on motherboard inserting internal the hardware component. [ii] Connections: External interfaces enabling interaction with external devices. ⇐

⇒ [i] Input Connections: Allow data or signals to be sent in from external devices. [ii] Output Connections: Allow data or signals to be sent out to other devices. ⇐

STATIONARY DEVICES

⇒ Workstations: The desktop computer used at the office and at home housed in a box or chassis; [OS] MS Windows, macOS, Linux Operating Systems ⇐

⇒ Connections: [i] connections for external devices [ii] onboard cards for wireless connectivity, i.e., Wi-Fi and Bluetooth ⇐

⇒ Servers: Installed as standalone units or in stacked ranks on networks enabling shared access; [OS] Windows Server, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS, FreeBSD ⇐

⇒ Functionalities: [i] Store Data [ii] Manage Data [iii] Distribute Data or Services to Other Computers Over a Network ⇐

⇒ Shared Access: [i] Media: Movies, Videos, Sounds [ii] Web Servers [iii] Print Servers [iv] File and Document Sharing [v] Email Storage ⇐

⇒ Fault Tolerance: Multiple servers can contain the same data; if one server fails, users can keep working using same data from other servers. ⇐

⇒ Gaming Consoles: Similar to desktop computers, but uses upgraded memory caching and graphics processing to enable smoother game-playing experiences. ⇐

⇒ Gaming Consoles Market Share and OS: [i] Microsoft Xbox: Xbox OS [ii] Sony Playstation: Orbis OS [iii] Nintendo: Horizon OS ⇐

MOBILES DEVICES

⇒ Laptops: Portable computers with full operating systems and built-in components; [Operating Systems] MS Windows, macOS, Linux, ChromeOS ⇐

⇒ Tablets: Touchscreen computing devices without a physical keyboard, typically less powerful; [Operating Systems] iPadOS, Android, MS Windows ⇐

⇒ Phones: Handheld communication devices with specialized chips for voice, video, internet, app functionalities; [Operating Systems] iOS, Android ⇐

⇒ Portable Gaming: Handheld systems optimized for mobile gaming with the specialized processors; [Operating Systems] Typically Linux-Derived ⇐

INTERNET OF THINGS [IoT] DEVICES

⇒ Consumer IoT Devices: Everyday smart devices used in homes for convenience, automation, and monitoring; [Operating Systems] Embedded Linux, Tizen, WearOS ⇐

⇒ Examples: Smart Speakers, Smart TVs, Fitness Trackers, Smart Appliances, Robot Vacuums, Smart Thermostats, Smart Light Bulbs, Home Security Systems ⇐

⇒ Enterprise IoT Devices: Devices used by organizations to deliver services and monitor conditions; [Operating Systems] Embedded Linux, Windows for IoT, FreeRTOS ⇐

⇒ Examples: Smart Meters, Smart Conference Rooms, Smart Lighting Systems, Security Systems, Occupancy Sensors, Fleet Management Devices, Asset Tracking ⇐

⇒ Industrial IoT Devices: Internet-connected sensors, machines, and systems used in various industrial sectors to monitor, collect, analyze, and act on data in real time. ⇐

⇒ Examples: Predictive Maintenance Sensors, Industrial Robots with IoT Modules , Smart Meters, Environmental monitoring Sensors, Connected PLCs, Smart Valves ⇐

Notational Systems Defined

⇒ Notational Systems: A system of symbols representing types of numbers, including decimal, binary, and hexadecimal which can be converted between each other. ⇐

⇒ 1. Decimal [Base 10]: [i] Numbers 0–9; continues with 10, 20, 30, etc [ii] A decimal mark " . " to represent fractional values [iii] Negative numbers with a minus sign. ⇐

⇒ 2. Binary [Base 2]: [i] Only 0 and 1, e.g., 11001 [ii] Represents an on/off state, i.e., 0 = off, 1 = on [iii] A bit is a single binary digit [iv] 1 byte = 8 bits, e.g., 01010101. ⇐

⇒ 3. Hexadecimal: [i] Uses 0–9 and A–F, where A = 10, B = 11, ..., F = 15 [ii] Used in tech identifiers such as MAC Address, Color Value, IP Address, Memory Address. ⇐

Convert Numbers Between Notational Systems

⇒ Decimal to Binary: [i] Divide the number by 2 repeatedly [ii] Note the remainders at each step [iii] Read remainders bottom to top [Ex] Decimal 18 = Binary 010010 ⇐

⇒ Binary to Decimal [Doubling Method]: [i] Start with leftmost digit [ii] Double previous value, add current digit [ii] Repeat to right [Ex] Binary 010010 = Decimal 18 ⇐

⇒ Hexadecimal to Binary: [i] Convert each hex digit to its binary equivalent number [ii] Add insignificant leading 0s to make every group 4 bits, e.g., write decimal 10 as 0010 [iii] Concatenate 4-bit binary groups from left to right [iv] Remove leading zeros from the final concatenated binary number result [Ex] Hex 123A = Binary 1001000111010 ⇐

Data Types

⇒ Data Types: The sets of instructions computers follow to perform tasks--e.g., calculations, word processing, web browsing; process and present information. ⇐

⇒ 1. Char: One alphabetic letter or symbol, e.g., A, b, c, V ⇐

⇒ 2. Strings: A group of characters, e.g., Words, Heading2 ⇐

⇒ 3. Integers: The whole numbers, e.g., 2, 4, 100, 100000 ⇐

⇒ 4. Floats: A number with a decimal, e.g., 3.14, 100.25, 0.5 ⇐

⇒ 5. Boolean: Two opposite values, e.g., True/False, Yes/No ⇐

Character Types

⇒ Character Types: How computers interpret character symbols in binary form; allow computers to store and process letter, digit, punctuation, symbol as data. ⇐

⇒ 1. ASCII [American Standard Code for Information Interchange]: [i] Expanded to 8-bit system for 356 characters [ii] Maps binary values to text characters. ⇐

⇒ 2. UTF-8 [Unicode]: [i] Includes ASCII characters, foreign language, emojis [ii] Used in 95% of webpages [iii] Assigns hexadecimal code points to a character. ⇐

OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINED

⇒ Operating Systems: A standardized backbone code managing input, output, processing, and storage; allows communication between users and computer. ⇐

⇒ Kernel: The essential component of operating system which acts as the primary interface between a physical computer hardware and software processes. ⇐

⇒ Purposes of OS: [i] Ensures data integrity and prevents data loss. [ii] Eliminates the need to manually recreate necessary code for computer actions. ⇐

⇒ Environment #1 - Command Line Interface [CLI]: Where user can type commands, e.g., typing commands into terminal on macOS. ⇐

⇒ Environment #2 - Graphical User Interface [GUI]: The visual elements--e.g., menus, links, buttons, fields--that help user to interact. ⇐

Operating System Generations

⇒ 1945-1955: [Generation 1]: [i] No multi-computer operating systems [ii] Each computer parameters were created manually for each task using machine language. ⇐

⇒ 1955-1965: [Generation 2]: [i] Emergence of mainframe computers. [ii] Tape Drives for input/output storage [iii] Embedded Operating Systems: focusing on a single task and providing low latency, i.e., split-second response time. [iv] Real-Time Operating Systems [RTOS]: in airplanes, space explorations, air traffic control, satelites, robotics. ⇐

⇒ 1965-1980: [Generation 3]: [i] Batch File Operating Systems: in large systems [ii] Network Operating Systems: communication to be scalable, fast, accurate, and secure; workstations to operate independently on network [iv] UNIX: installed on multiple systems; featured processor timesharing for multi-user interaction in central computers. ⇐

⇒ 1980-Now: [Generation 4]: [i] Multitasking Operating Systems: to perform multiple and complex tasks simultaneously [ii] Mobile Operating System: also multitasking. ⇐

4 MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS

⇒ Linux: An open-source Unix-Like OS based on the Linux kernel; known for its stability and flexibility; widely used in servers, cloud platforms, embedded systems. ⇐

⇒ [i] Created by Linus Torvalds as a small personal OS project [iii] In 1996, Version 2.0 introduced Symmetric Multiprocessing [SMP], gaining popularity in commercial and scientific computing [iv] Android--based on Linux--reached 75% mobile market share [v] IBM acquired Red Hat--a leading Linux distributor [distro]--for 34 billion USD. ⇐

⇒ Distro [Linux-Distribution]: A complete OS package built on top of the Linux kernel which includes a package manager, system libraries, a desktop environment, etc. ⇐

⇒ Linux-Based vs. Unix-Based: While Unix is derived directly from original and proprietary source code, Linux is derived from open-source codes to be freely modified. ⇐

⇒ Enterprise Operating System: The OS specifically designed for businesses and the large-scale environment which prioritizes stability, security, and long-term support. ⇐

⇒ Microsoft Windows: An OS developed by Microsoft designed for personal, business, enterprise uses; known for a user-friendly GUI and wide software compatibility. ⇐

⇒ [i] Originated from PC-DOS and MS-DOS [ii] Windows introduced as a GUI layer on top of MS-DOS [iii] Dominant Consumer OS; 70% desktop market share by 2021 ⇐

⇒ Apple Exclusive macOS: A Unix-Based OS developed by Apple; known for its user interface, security features, tight integration with Apples hardware and software. ⇐

⇒ [i] Originally ran on PowerPC processors [ii] Apple transitioned to Intel processors [iii] Introduced Apple Silicon [M1 chips]: 64-bit ARM processors designed in-house. ⇐

⇒ Google Chrome OS: A lightweight Linux-Based OS developed by Google; around Chrome web browser; primarily for web-based applications and cloud computing. ⇐

⇒ [i] Limited local storage needs [ii] Optimized for speed, simplicity, security [iii] Commonly used in education and by cost-conscious users [iv] 10% of Laptop OS Market. ⇐

COMPUTING DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS [컴퓨팅 장치 및 주변기기]

Computing Component Defined

⇒ Computer Component [Hardware]: A physical part needed for computer functioning where each performs a specific tasks; can be internal or external. ⇐

⇒ Examples: [i] Internal Components: CPU, RAM, Network Interface Card, Internal SSD [ii] External Components: USB Flash Drive, External SSD ⇐

⇒ Examples: [i] Core Component: CPU, RAM, Motherboard, Power Supply [ii] Peripheral Device: WiFi Card, Keyboard, Internal Optical Disk Drive ⇐

⇒ In this section, the contents are discussing peripheral devices, while internal components will be discussed in section 4, e.g., internal storage device discussed later. ⇐

Internal Components

⇒ Internal Components: The essential physical parts located inside computer case for the system to function, e.g., processor, memory, storage, graphics card, etc. ⇐

⇒ Memory Devices: A component for temporary working memory where the data gets lost when power goes off, e.g., RAM. ⇐

⇒ Storage Devices: A component for permanent data storage which retains data even after power goes off, e.g., HDD, SSD. ⇐

⇒ Central Processing Unit [CPU]: A component performing calculations which is considered the “brain” of the computers. ⇐

⇒ Graphic Processing unit [GPU]: A component with parallel processing for both graphics rendering and AI computation. ⇐

External Components

⇒ External Components: The physical parts located outside the computer case which connect to the system via ports or wireless signals, e.g., external hard drive. ⇐

⇒ Ports: The jack or receptacle in which a connector is plugged in, e.g., USB or HDMI Port; standardized based on function. ⇐

⇒ Connectors: The unique end of a plug, jack, or card that connects into a port, e.g., an external HDMI connector on a cable. ⇐

PERIPHERAL DEVICES DEFINED

⇒ Core Components: The essential internal parts which are opposite of peripherals: [i] processor [ii] memory [iii] storage. ⇐

⇒ Peripheral Devices: A device that connects to a computer to provide extra functionalities; can be internal and external. ⇐

⇒ [i] Internal Peripheral: A WiFi Card installed on PCIe Slot [ii] External Peripheral: A speaker connected via Bluetooth. ⇐

⇒ Peripheral Types: [i] Input Device [ii] Output Device [iii] Storage Device ⇐

⇒ Input Device: A device which sends data to the computer, e.g., mouse and keyboard. ⇐

⇒ Output Device: A component which receives data from the computer, e.g., monitor and printer. ⇐

⇒ Storage Device: A component which stores data permanently, e.g., external hard drive and USB drive. ⇐

INPUT DEVICE DEFINED

⇒ Input Device: A device which sends data to the computer, including pointing devices, cameras, microphones, etc. ⇐

⇒ Pointing Device: An input device used to move a cursor on computer screen for navigation and sending commands. ⇐

Input Device and Pointing Device Types

⇒ Keyboard [Can Be Pointing]: A device used primarily to input data; attached via USB [Universal Serial Bus] Port, wireless connection, or be built into. ⇐

⇒ Mouse [Pointing]: The most-used input device used primarily to input data and move the cursor; can be connected via USB port or wireless connection. ⇐

⇒ Touchpad [Pointing]: A device most used on laptops; usually built into laptops, but can be connected externally using USB port or wireless connection. ⇐

⇒ Joystick [Pointing]: A device that moves the cursor and is often used to play games; can be connected externally via a USB port or wireless connection. ⇐

⇒ Stylus [Pointing]: A device used to interact with touchscreens via capacitive sensing, sending heat and pressure data to tablets for writing and drawing. ⇐

⇒ Cameras: A device such as a webcam, which first captures visual data including images or video and sends it to the computer for processing or display. ⇐

⇒ Microphones: A device which first captures audio signals such as voice or other sound and converts them into digital data which the computer can use. ⇐

OUTPUT DEVICE DEFINED

⇒ Output Device: A component which receives data from the computer, including displays, printers, scanners, audio, etc. ⇐

⇒ Functionality of Output Devices: A computer can still function, but there is no way to determine what the computer is doing. i.e., no indicator of errors. ⇐

⇒ Output and Input in One Device #1 : Headphone both [i] receives data by playing the audio for the user and [ii] sends audio data with microphone to the device. ⇐

⇒ Output and Input in One Device #2 : Printers both [i] receives data by printing files for the users and [ii] sends data by scanning and sending papers to the device. ⇐

Display Device

⇒ Display Device: A hardware component for the output of information in visual form; commonly seen as television sets and computer monitors. ⇐

⇒ Cathode Ray Tube Monitor [CRT]: An analog device that creates an image on the screen by directing three electron beams over millions of phosphor dots. ⇐

⇒ Flat Screens, i.e., Liquid Crystal Display [LCD] or Thin Film Transistor [TFT]: A digital signal drives the color value of each picture element, i.e., pixel. ⇐

⇒ Touch Screens: A touch panel on an electronic display based on capacitive technology which measures heat and pressure; found in smartphones and tablets. ⇐

⇒ Projectors: An output device which takes images from a computer and display them on a screen, wall, or other surface; images are still or moving pictures. ⇐

⇒ Screen Resolution: Refers to clarity of the text and images displayed on the screen; at higher resolutions, e.g., 1600 x 1200 pixels, items appear sharper. ⇐

Print Device

⇒ Print Device: A machine for putting text or pictures onto paper. ⇐

⇒ Laser Printers: Laser, or thermal, printers use a laser beam to create an electrostatic image on a drum, which is then transferred onto paper using powdered toner. ⇐

⇒ LED Printers: With a photoreceptive drum, i.e., positively charged surface with static electricity by a high voltage wire, paper passes between two heated rollers. ⇐

⇒ Inkjet Printers: With a print head containing thousands of tiny holes, microscopic droplets of ink are put onto paper; uses a liquid ink produced by colored dye. ⇐

⇒ Thermal Printers: Driving heated pins against special heat-sensitive paper to “burn” the image onto the paper; used in point-of-sale terminal and fax machine. ⇐

⇒ Networked vs. Local Printer: [Networked] Connected to a network using Ethernet or Wi-Fi [Local] Cabled to a device that requires a print.⇐

⇒ Networked - IP Based: A part of an IP Network, often referring to Unix computers that use a specific protocol for printing. ⇐

⇒ Networked - Web Based: Receive documents via a network and the Internet, rather than a direct connection to a computer. ⇐

⇒ Image Scanner: A machine which optically scans images, printed text, or an object, then converts them from analog format to a digital image. ⇐

⇒ Facsimile [Fax] Machines: A device to send documents over telephone network; transmissions with fax machine, computer, or online fax service. ⇐

⇒ Multifunction Device [MFD]: Often the functions of a printer, scanner, and fax machine are combined all in one device. ⇐

Audio Device

⇒ Audio Devices: The components that reproduce, record, or process sound, e.g., headphones, CD players, speakers, amplifiers. ⇐

⇒ Needs of Sound: [i] Own its own, computers can not make a sound [ii] The digital data from audio and video files need to be turned into sound. ⇐

Visual Device

⇒ Visual Devices: The units capable of presenting images electronically on a screen, e.g., smartphones, monitors, laptop computers. ⇐

⇒ Common Size of a Display: The visual devices typically have a display greater than four inches when measured diagonally; includes cameras. ⇐

STORAGE DEVICE DEFINED

⇒ Storage Device: A hardware component which can be used to store digital data, i.e., repository for images, video, audio, and text., ⇐

⇒ Drive: A type of storage device designed to store and retrieve digital data via physical internal and external components or network. ⇐

⇒ Non-Volatile Characteristic: The data are stored permanently and can be retained even without power, unlike a memory component. ⇐

HARD DISK DRIVE DEFINED

⇒ Hard Disk Drive [HDD]: A type of drive which works by a drive head reading and writing data to magnetic platters; can be internal or external. ⇐

⇒ [2.5" HDD] Useful in notebook computers and mobile devices. [Standard 3.5" HDD] Run from 500 GB to several TB, but cloud storage is more accessible. ⇐

⇒ Common Interface #1 - SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): A most common modern standard to connect internal storage device to motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Common Interface #2 - PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment): A much older and slower interface standard for connecting internal storage devices. ⇐

⇒ External Hard Disk Drive Interface - USB or eSATA: The connectors which allow external HDDs with 250 GB to 20 TB capacity to support backup and transfer. ⇐

HDD Performance Measurements

⇒ 1. Spin Speed [RPM]: How fast do platters rotate, e.g., 5400 or 7200 RPM; the faster RPM translates into better performance. ⇐

⇒ 2. Access Time: How much time does HDD take to locate data on platters; 5–10 milliseconds typically means fast access time. ⇐

⇒ 3. Transfer Rate: The speed of reading data or writing data to the disk or from the disk; measured in Megabytes Per Seconds. ⇐

OPTICAL DRIVE DEFINED

⇒ Optical Drive: Data is written to drive via laser pressing to create recessed areas, i.e., pits, and raised areas, i.e., lands; laser reads and writes on these areas. ⇐

⇒ Single-Sided Disc: [Layer] 1 recordable layer [Typical Capacity] 4.7 GB for DVD ROM & 700 MB for CD. ⇐

⇒ Double-Sided Disc: [Layer] 2 recordable layer [Typical Capacity] About 2X capacity of Single-Sided Disc. ⇐

⇒ Disc Types: CD-ROM | CD-RW | DVD-ROM | DVD-RW | Blu-ray with 5X+ storage capacity than DVDs. ⇐

SOLID STATE DRIVE DEFINED

⇒ Solid State Drive [SSD]: A type of drive which uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data using flash memory; used as permanent internal or external storage. ⇐

⇒ No Moving Parts Characteristic: Unlike HDDs or Optical Drives, there are no moving parts in SSDs which makes it fast, durable, and energy efficient. ⇐

USB FLASH DRIVE DEFINED

⇒ Expansion Drive: A device to provide extra storage for an ever-growing collection of files and free computer storage space; typically attaches with a USB connection. ⇐

⇒ Examples of Expansion Drive: External Hard Disk Drive | External Solid State Drive | USB Flash Drive, i.e., Thumb Drive ⇐

⇒ USB Flash Drive: A portable storage device based on Flash memory with an integrated USB interface; weigh less than 1 oz and have about 2 TB as storage capacity. ⇐

MEMORY CARD DEFINED

⇒ Memory Card: A storage device based on Flash memory that is stored inside a device; commonly used in portable devices, e.g., digital cameras, cell phones, laptops. ⇐

⇒ Formats and Data Capacities: [SD] Available in Secure Digital Format [MSD] Available in Micro Secure Digital Format [Capacities] 32 GB, 64 GB, 128 GB, 512 GB. ⇐

INTERFACES AND CONNECTORS [인터페이스 및 커넥터]

PORTS AND CONNECTORS DEFINED

⇒ Ports: A hole or a slot that receives a connector and allows a device to physically connect to a computer. ⇐

⇒ Connectors: A plug at the end of a cable, jack, or electronic card that can be physically plugged into a port. ⇐

⇒ Role of Ports and Connectors: The external components connect to a computer with ports and connectors. ⇐

⇒ Examples of Physical Ports and Connectors Pairs: USB port, HDMI port, Displayport, and Speaker port. ⇐

INTERFACE DEFINED

⇒ Interface: The point of communication between two or more entities; can be either hardware-based or software-based. ⇐

⇒ Hardware-Based Interface: [i] A point where components connect to motherboard, [ii] peripherals connect to computer, [iii] a touchscreen ⇐

⇒ Software-Based Interface: Provides routes for communication between software applications, operating system, and hardware, e.g., drivers. ⇐

USB

⇒ Universal Serial Bus [USB]: An interface built with a common, simple-to-use, and fast standard that could be used across devices and peripherals. ⇐

⇒ Interface - USB 1 in 1996: [Connector Types] Type A, Type B, Mini A, and Mini B [Speed] 1.5 to 12 Megabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Interface - USB 2 in 2001: [Connector Types] + Mini AB, Micro A, Micro B, Micro AB [Speed] 480 Megabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Interface - USB 3.1 in 2014: [Connector Types] Type C, backward compatible with USB 2 [Speed] 5 Gigabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Interface - USB 3.2 in 2017: [Connector Types] Mini connector types were discontinued [Speed] 20 Gigabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Interface - USB 4 in 2018: [Interface] Based on Thunderbolt 3 and 4 Protocols by Intel [Speed] 40 Gigabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Connector - USB Type A: [# of Pins] 4 Pins [Usage] For keyboards and mice. ⇐

⇒ Connector - USB Type B: [# of Pins] 4 Pins [Usage] For printers and scanners. ⇐

⇒ Connector - Mini USB: [# of Pins] 9 Pins [Usage] For digital camera, mobile phone, tablet. ⇐

⇒ Connector - Micro USB: [# of Pins] 5 Pins [Usage] To replace Mini USB with same usage. ⇐

⇒ Connector - USB Type C: [# of Pins] 24 Pins [Usage] Meant to replace A&B; future-proof ⇐

Thunderbolt

⇒ Thunderbolt: An interface developed by Intel and Apple which combines data transfer, display, and power in 1 cable; daisy chaining allows up to 6 devices. ⇐

⇒ Interface - Thunderbolt Version 1 and 2: [Connector Types] A Mini DisplayPort, abbreviated MDP ⇐

⇒ Interface - Thunderbolt Version 3: [Connector Types] USB Type C [Speed] 40 Gigabits Per Second ⇐

⇒ Interface - Thunderbolt Version 4: [Connector Types] USB Type C [vs. Version 3] Supports USB 4 ⇐

eSATA

⇒ External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment [eSATA]: An interface used to connect external storage devices, e.g., External HDD; allows hot swapping. ⇐

⇒ Interface - eSATAp in 2008: An interface which supports both eSATA and USB connectors through the same port. ⇐

Display Card Defined

⇒ Display Card: The computers communicate with a display unit such as a computer monitor using display cards called the Graphics Processing Unit, i.e., GPU. ⇐

⇒ Display Cards Location: The generic graphic cards are built into a motherboard; cards are good for everyday computing requirements. ⇐

⇒ Display Cards Usage: Several graphic heavy tasks, e.g., multimedia editing and 3D gaming require specialized high-end graphic adapters. ⇐

⇒ GPU Options: [AMD] Radeon Chipsets [NVIDIA] GeForce and nForce Chipsets [Others Companies] Silicon Integrated Systems, Intel, etc. ⇐

DISPLAY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

⇒ Display System Characteristic - Resolution: The number of horizontal and vertical pixels, which determines the clarity of an image or text. ⇐

⇒ Display System Characteristic - Refresh Rate: Governs video playback quality based on how fast the screen refreshes to show a new image. ⇐

⇒ Display System Characteristic - Bit Depth: The total number of supported colors which dictates how close the digital colors are to real life. ⇐

⇒ Bandwidth: The rate of digital data flow to the monitor which depends on three elements: resolution. refresh rate, color depth; unit in GBP. ⇐

⇒ Display Quality and Display Card: The display quality is directly linked to the amount of processing power required from display card. ⇐

⇒ Control Processing Power: It is possible to display low resolution visuals on a high-end display to reduce the need for processing power. ⇐

⇒ Evolution of Display System - Video Graphic Array [VGA] Standard: [Width to Height Ratio] 4:3 [Resolution] 640 x 480 Pixels [Refresh Rate] 60 Hz ⇐

⇒ Evolution of Display System - Extended Graphic Array [XGA] Standard: [Width to Height Ratio] 4:3 [Resolution] 1024 x 768 Pixels [Bit Depth] 32-Bit ⇐

⇒ Evolution of Display System - Light-Emitting Diode [LED]: [Width to Height Ratio] 16:9 [Resolution] 1920~7680 x 1080~4320 Pixels for Full HD, 4K, 8K ⇐

HDMI

⇒ High-Definition Multimedia Interface [HDMI]: The latest interface for digital audio and video for televisions, computers, and other consumer electronics. ⇐

⇒ HDMI Functionalities: Beyond just data transfers, HDMI also provides [i] Remote Control, i.e., CEC support, and [ii] digital content protection, i.e., HDCP. ⇐

⇒ Connector - HDMI 2.1: [# of Pins] 19 Pins [Usage] For regular connections. ⇐

⇒ Connector - HDMI Mini: [# of Pins] 19 Pins [Usage] For portable electronics. ⇐

⇒ Connector - Micro HDMI: [# of Pins] 19 Pins [Usage] For GoPro, Smartphones ⇐

DisplayPort

⇒ DisplayPort: Developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association, an interface designed to complement HDMI and offer a royalty-free alternative.⇐

⇒ Packetized Data Transmission: Allows DisplayPort to transmit higher bandwidths over fewer pins, thereby resulting in almost loss-less data transmission ⇐

⇒ Connector - DisplayPort: [# of Pins] 20 Pins: 12 for Main Link, 3 for Auxiliary Channel, 1 for Hot Plug Detection, 2 for Power, and 2 Additional Ground Pins ⇐

⇒ Strength of DisplayPort Connector: Supports 7 transmission modes--mechanism data is transfer between devices--for progressively increasing bandwidth. ⇐

⇒ Mini DisplayPort: Apple provides a free license for the smaller size version of Standard DisplayPort which supports up to 4K resolution.⇐

DVI

⇒ Digital Visual Interface [DVI]: The interface which was an industry standard for digital video content transmission; connects a video source to a display. ⇐

⇒ Uncompressed Digital Video Transmission: [i] DVI transmits uncompressed digital video and [ii] support both analog and digital devices in following formats. ⇐

⇒ Connector - DVI-I: [Interface] DVI [# of Pins] 23 Pins configured for both digital and analog. ⇐

⇒ Connector - DVI-A: [Interface] DVI [# of Pins] 17 Pins configured for only analog equipment. ⇐

⇒ Connector - DVI-D: [Interface] DVI [# of Pins] 19 Pins configured for only digital equipment. ⇐

⇒ Single-Link and Dual-Link Formats: Connectors come in both formats; dual-link provides high bandwidth. ⇐

⇒ DVI Is Replaced: DVI interface was popular, but has been replaced by HDMI, DisplayPort, and Thunderbolt. ⇐

Sound Card Defined

⇒ Sound Card: Computer programs use an internal expansion audio card--also known as the sound card--to transmit audio signals into and out of a computer. ⇐

⇒ Digital-to-Analog Converter: The sound cards have a digital-to-analog converter to help external analog devices connect and communicate with the computer. ⇐

⇒ Sound Card and Audio Devices: Depending on the sound card, it can have ports to connect a variety of devices, e.g., headphones, speakers, microphones, etc. ⇐

AUDIO INTERFACE

⇒ Audio Interface: A hardware-based interface to convert analog audio signals into digital signals and vice versa, allowing to record, process, and play audio. ⇐

⇒ Connector - Tip-Ring-Sleeve [TRS]: A type of audio connector commonly used for both mono balanced and stereo unbalanced audio signal. ⇐

⇒ Tip, Ring, Sleeve Definitions: [Tip] Carries one audio signal, left or positive [Ring] Carries another signal, right or negative [Sleeve] Ground. ⇐

⇒ Sound Card Ports: The number of connectors and ports on a sound card depend on the requirements; sound cards ports accept a 6.35mm Tip, Ring, and TRS jack. ⇐

⇒ Ports Color Codes: [Light-Blue] Analog Line In [Pink] Microphone In [Lime-Green] Audio Line-Out [Black] Left and Right Rear Surround [Orange] Mid-Surround ⇐

External Audio Interfaces

⇒ External Audio Interfaces: A single external audio interface can connect to multiple input and output devices such as amplifiers, microphones, speakers, etc. ⇐

⇒ Professionals and Studios Usage: The professionals and studios use external audio interfaces for better sound quality and amplified sound. ⇐

NETWORK COMMUNICATION

⇒ Communication Technology: Allows components to communicate over a network by converting information into data packets from one device to another in dialogue. ⇐

⇒ Data Packets: Like papers in an envelope, each data packet contains information about the sending and receiving device along with the message to be transmitted. ⇐

⇒ Functionalities: [i] Ensures that only the designated device receives the information. [ii] Devices talk over a network to communicate with each other. ⇐

⇒ Network Type - Closed: A finite number of devices can be connected over the closed network. ⇐

⇒ Network Type - Open: An unlimited number of devices can be connected on an open network.⇐

WIRED CONNECTORS

⇒ Registered Jack [RJ]: A standardized telecommunication network interface for connecting voice and data equipment to a service provider’s network. ⇐

⇒ Connector - RJ-11: A connector which is used to plug a phone into a wall outlet and for connecting a handset to a telephone. ⇐

⇒ Connector - RJ-45: A connector which is used to connect computers and other internet-enabled devices to Ethernet-Based Local Area Networks [E-LANs]. ⇐

⇒ RJ-45 Connectable Internet-Enabled Devices: Wired Credit Card Readers, Servers, Modems, Gaming Consoles, Smart TVs, Tobii Eye Tracker Hardware, etc. ⇐

⇒ Wired Connection Benefit - Data Transmission: Up to 5 Gigabits Per Second; Wireless is at 1 Gigabits Per Second. ⇐

⇒ Wired Connection Benefit - High Reliability: More reliable than wireless; immune to signal drops and dead zones. ⇐

⇒ Wired Connection Benefit - Less Prone to Radio Interference: Fewer dropped packets lead into stability and speed.⇐

⇒ Wireless Connection Benefit - More Secure: The physical connectivity makes the connection less prone for hacking.⇐

WIRELESS CONNECTORS

⇒ Wireless Fidelity [Wi-Fi]: A network connection used to connect devices to the Internet; connects a wireless router directly to an Internet modem. ⇐

⇒ Modulator-Demodulator [Modem]: A hardware device which brings internet service into the home from Internet Service Providers [ISPs]. ⇐

⇒ Router: A hardware device which delivers the internet connection to the devices at home or office, allowing them to connect through Wi-Fi. ⇐

⇒ Some newer modems have built-in routers, removing the need for a separate device. ⇐

⇒ Bluetooth: A network connection which uses Ultra High-Frequency radio waves to connect devices one-on-one through pairing over short distances. ⇐

⇒ Connection Establish: The Bluetooth connection is established through pairing in which devices send a passkey to recognize each other. ⇐

⇒ Radio-Frequency Identification [RFID]: A network connection used to identify and track objects using the tags; operates over several hundred meters. ⇐

⇒ Use Cases: Automatic collection of road tolls via tags on windshields, implanted identification in pets, track pharmaceuticals in warehouses. ⇐

⇒ Near Field Communication [NFC]: A network connection which works over extremely short distances to transmit data via electromagnetic radio fields. ⇐

⇒ NFC Connection Criteria: [i] Both devices must contain NFC chips [ii] A shorter range results in power-efficiency and security by reducing accidental triggers. ⇐

⇒ NFC Common Use Cases: Hotel Key Cards | Office Access Cards, e.g., UC San Diego Student ID | Digital Wallets, e.g., Apple Pay | Chip-Enabled Credit Cards ⇐

⇒ Wireless Connection Benefit - Increased Mobility: Move from one location to another without losing connectivity. ⇐

⇒ Wireless Connection Benefit - Reduced Set-Up Time: A quicker and easier set-up than wired network installation. ⇐

⇒ Wireless Connection Benefit - Wider Reach: Capable to be extended to wide areas even where cables can not run. ⇐

⇒ Wireless Connection Benefit - Lower Cost of Ownership: A higher economic benefit by reducing equipment cost. ⇐

Printer Connections

⇒ Stand-Alone Peripheral and Printer Connections: [i] USB Cable Connections [ii] Wireless Connections: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC ⇐

⇒ Three Remaining Printer Connection Methods: [i] Serial Port Connection [ii] Parallel Port Connection [iii] Network Connection ⇐

Serial Cable Connections

⇒ Serial Cable Connections: A connection which offers longer distance travel, better noise immunity, and cross-manufacturer compatibility. ⇐

⇒ Serial Cable Connections Characteristics: [i] Less common today [ii] RS232 is a recommended standard protocol [iii] Transmits data slowly. ⇐

Parallel Port Connection

⇒ Parallel Port Connections: A connection which can send and receive multiple bits simultaneously, making them faster than serial ports. ⇐

⇒ Serial Cable Connections Characteristics: [i] Less common [ii] Often replaced by USB and modern connections [iiii] 25 Pins Connection. ⇐

INSTALLATION TYPES DEFINED

⇒ Installation: The process of making hardware and/or software ready for use; different systems require different types of installations. ⇐

⇒ Different Installation Levels: Some installations are straightforward; others are more complex and may require involvement of specialists. ⇐

⇒ Plug and Play [PnP]: Describes a device which work with a computer system as soon as they are connected; the user does not have to manually install drivers. ⇐

⇒ Malfunctioning Devices: The malfunctioning devices should be investigated in Device Manager--a part of OS--for indications of a problem. ⇐

⇒ Driver: The software that allows a device to talk to the operating system; updating driver for malfunctioning hardware device can restore proper PnP function. ⇐

⇒ Resolving Common Cause of Device Malfunction: On the list of installed devices on Device Manager, update the device with yellow icon. ⇐

IP-Based Configuration

⇒ Configuration: While installing a device is making it ready for use, configuring a device means setting up to work according to user preference. ⇐

⇒ IP-Based Peripherals: The hardware devices which are connected to a Transmission Control Protocol [TCP] or Internet Protocol [IP] Network. ⇐

⇒ IP-Based Peripherals Examples: Wireless Routers, Security Cameras, Network Printers, Multifunctional Devices. ⇐

⇒ Connectivity: IP-Based Peripherals must be connected to a Local Area Network [LAN] or the Internet to function. ⇐

Web-Based Configuration

⇒ Web-Based Configuration: A configuration which is used for networking devices such as routers; set-up process is easily done through a web page.⇐

⇒ Where to Find Web-Based Configuration: Web-Based Configuration is generally found on the website of manufacturer. ⇐

INTERNAL COMPUTER COMPONENTS [컴퓨터 내부 구성 요소]

MOTHERBOARD

⇒ Motherboard or Mainboard: The Main Printed Circuit Board--PCB--in computers and other expandable systems which contains significant subsystems. ⇐

⇒ Subsystems Types: [i] Chip Set I/O [ii] Memory Controllers [iii] Interface Connectors [iv] Other Components Integrated for General Uses ⇐

⇒ Motherboard Allows Communication Among Crucial Electronic Components: [i] Central Processing Unit [ii] Memory [iii] Peripherals ⇐

CHIP SET

⇒ Integrated Circuit [IC]: A miniature assembly of electronic components--transistors, resistors, capacitors--built on a thin substrate of semiconductor material. ⇐

⇒ Chip Set: A set of integrated circuits--assembled with electronic components--which manages data flow among the processor, memory, and peripherals. ⇐

⇒ Data Flow: The movement and management of digital signals--instruction, files, commands, and sensor input--between various hardware components. ⇐

⇒ Chip Set Manages Data Flow: The Chip Set controls how and where data moves between the CPU, memory, input and output, GPU, storage devices, etc. ⇐

⇒ 2 Distinct Chips in Single Chip Set: [i] Northbridge Chip: Connects the CPU with RAM and GPU [ii] Southbridge Chip: Slower I/O such as BIOS, USB. ⇐

⇒ Northbridge Chip: A first half of core logic chipset on a motherboard; connects directly to the CPU via the front-side bus; is responsible for high-performance tasks. ⇐

⇒ Southbridge Chip: A second half of core logic chipset on a motherboard; not directly connected to the CPU; is responsible to implement slower-performance tasks. ⇐

⇒ Intel Platform Controller Hub [Intel PCH]: A single-chip chipset released in 2009 as a replacement for the older Northbridge and Southbridge chipsets ⇐

BUS

⇒ Bus: A high-speed internal connection embedded as printed circuits on the motherboard; controls signals and data among CPU and internal component. ⇐

⇒ Front-Side Bus: A computer communication interface which carries data between the CPU and Memory Controller Hub [MCH], i.e., Northbridge Chip.⇐

⇒ Chip Set vs. Bus - Function: [Chip Set] Controls what data goes and where [Bus] Simply moves data between components. ⇐

⇒ Chip Set vs. Bus - Form: [Chip Set] One or more integrated circuits [Bus] The wires, traces, or circuits for communications. ⇐

⇒ Chip Set vs. Bus - Sample: [Chip Set] Northbridge Chip, Southbridge Chip [Bus] Front-Side Bus, PLIe Bus, SATA Bus, etc. ⇐

SOCKET

⇒ Socket: The array of pins designed with the securing mechanism which [i] holds a processor in place and [ii] connects the processor to the motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Socket Pin Connection: The socket pin connections differ depending on which generation of CPU the motherboard supports. ⇐

⇒ Older Socket - Pin Grid Array [PGA]: The socket which use short and stiff pins on the CPU which align with holes on the socket. ⇐

⇒ Newer Socket - Land Grid Array [LGA]: The socket which uses pins built into the motherboard and the CPUs have contact points. ⇐

POWER CONNECTOR

⇒ Power Connector: A device found on a motherboard which allows an electrical current to pass through; connectors join power supply to a motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Advanced Technology Extended [ATX] Style Power Connector: One of the larger power connectors inside a computer; larger than most connectors. ⇐

CPU

⇒ Central Processing Unit [CPU]: A silicon chip in a special socket on the motherboard which contain billions of microscopic transistors on a single chip. ⇐

⇒ CPU Transistors: The transistors enable the computer calculations needed to run programs available in the computer system memory. ⇐

⇒ 32-Bit CPU: [i] Transfers 32 bits of data per clock cycle [ii] Comparable to a two-lane information highway [iii] common in laptops, workstations, servers. ⇐

⇒ 64-Bit CPU: [i] Transfers 64 bits of data per clock cycle [ii] Comparable to a four-lane information highway [iii] common in laptops, workstations, servers. ⇐

CPU CACHE

⇒ CPU Cache: A small and high-speed memory which stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce data access time from main memory. ⇐

⇒ Static RAM [SRAM]: CPU Cache is built using SRAM (faster, but more expensive than DRAM); operates at processor speed; stores temporary data. ⇐

⇒ Cache Level 1 [L1]: Located on the CPU Chip, L1 is the smallest and fastest cache to store critical data per core. ⇐

⇒ Cache Level 2 [L2]: Located on or near the CPU, L2 is the medium and fast cache to store recently accessed data. ⇐

⇒ Cache Level 3 [L3]: Near the CPU, L3 is a largest and slowest cache to store shared instructions among all cores. ⇐

RAM

⇒ Random-Access Memory [RAM]: A memory which temporarily stores working data and machine code; is volatile as the data is lost when power turns off. ⇐

⇒ RAM Performance: [Measurement] Speed is measured in Megahertz, MHz [Current Range] Varies by form, speed, capacity from 1333 MHz to 2133 MHz. ⇐

⇒ Dynamic Random Access Memory [DRAM]: Each bit of data is stored in a separate capacitor within the IC; transistors and capacitors. ⇐

⇒ Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory [SDRAM]: A type of DRAM that is synchronized with the system clock of the CPU. ⇐

⇒ Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory [DDR SDRAM]: An advanced type of SDRAM which fetches data twice per clock cycle. ⇐

⇒ Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory [DDR3 SDRAM]: An advanced type of DDR2 SDRAM, twice faster data transfer rate. ⇐

⇒ Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory [DDR4 SDRAM]: Improved data transfer rate, ranging from 1600MHz to 3200+ MHz. ⇐

⇒ High Bandwidth Memory [HBM]: An advanced type of SDRAM designed by stacking multiple memory dies vertically; in graphics cards, AI accelerators, etc. ⇐

DIMM

⇒ Memory Slot: The physical slots which allow insertion of a memory module on the motherboard; enables motherboard to communicate with memory. ⇐

⇒ Memory Slots Characteristics: [i] 2 to 4 memory slots exist on motherboard; more slots for high-end [ii] RAM compatibility determined by slot types. ⇐

⇒ Interface - Dual Inline Memory Module [DIMM]: A type of RAM module which have separate electrical contacts, used with DRAM types like DDR series. ⇐

⇒ Interface - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module [SO-DIMM]: A compact type of a RAM module which fits ideally for space constrained hardwares. ⇐

EXPANSION SLOTS

⇒ Expansion Slots: The physical slots which hold cards for enhanced sound, extra memory, high-end graphics, network interfaces, etc to a motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Interface - Peripheral Component Interconnect [PCIe]: A newer version of PCI which is a high-speed interface standard using serial communications. ⇐

⇒ Expansion Slots vs. Bus - Function: [Expansion Slots] Where to plug in [Bus] How data travels between hardwares. ⇐

⇒ Expansion Slots vs. Bus - Design: [Expansion Slots] PCIe: Slot [Bus] PCIe Bus: electrical communication channel. ⇐

⇒ Expansion Slots vs. Socket - Function: [Expansion Slots] Connects additional components [Socket] Connects CPU ⇐

Disk Controller

⇒ Disk Controller: A small circuit board with guiding chips which enables CPU to communicate with disk drive; recently integrated inside the disk drive. ⇐

⇒ Integrated Drive Electronics [IDE]: An interface standard for CPU and Hard Drive communication; functions as an interface between HDD and the bus. ⇐

FIRMWARE

⇒ Firmware: A form of microcode or program embedded into hardware devices to help them operate effectively, stored in non-volatile memory, e.g., ROM. ⇐

⇒ Firmware Location: The firmware is stored in ROM, Flash Memory, or EEPROM on the motherboard, retaining its data even when the device power is off. ⇐

⇒ Surface Mount Technology [SMT]: The Surface Mount Devices [SMDs]--electronic components--are mounted directly onto the surface of a motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Serial Peripheral Interface [SPI]: The flash ROM chips are connected to a motherboard via Serial Peripheral Interface, using Surface Mount Technology.. ⇐

⇒ Basic Input/Output System [BIOS]: A low-level firmware that manages I/O exchange; initializes hardware during boot, performs diagnostics, loads OS. ⇐

⇒ Unified Extensible Firmware Interface [UEFI]: A modern replacement of BIOS with a graphical interface, faster boot times, and larger storage support.⇐

CMOS

⇒ Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor [CMOS]: A small memory powered with the coin-cell battery which stores firmware configuration settings. ⇐

⇒ Data Stored in CMOS: The settings which include [i] system time and data [ii] hardware settings [iii] security passwords [iv] CPU or RAM configuration. ⇐

⇒ CMOS Location: The CMOS is stored in a chip next to the Firmware ROM or integrated with the Firmware ROM; CMOS operates under volatile memory. ⇐

INTERNAL HHD

⇒ Hard Disk Drive [HHD]: A non-volatile and long-term data storage which contains a platter, i.e., disk, with magnetic surface where the data is stored. ⇐

⇒ The Speed of Platter Spin: The platter rotates on a spindle, which controls the speed of the platter’s spins. ⇐

⇒ Metalic Head Position #1: A metallic head floats above platter, where it can read and write magnetic data. ⇐

⇒ Metalic Head Position #2: The head is at the end of an actuator arm, positioning a metalic head on platter. ⇐

⇒ Read and Write Data: The spindle, actuator arm, and head are controlled to read and write data on a disk. ⇐

⇒ Data Reaches the Drive Using Combination of: [i] Power Connectors [ii] Data Connectors [iii] Jumpers. ⇐

INTERNAL SSD

⇒ Solid State Drive [SSD]: A non-volatile data storage which uses Flash Memory which is significantly faster and more reliable than other storage types. ⇐

⇒ SSD Speeds and Capacities Performance: [Speeds] 10–12 Gigabits Per Second [Capacities] 120 Gigabytes to 2 Terabytes. ⇐

⇒ Forms of SSD: [i] Internal SSD [ii] External SSD [iii] Solid State Hybrid Drive [SSHD]: Flash Memory integrated in HDD. ⇐

Optical Drives

⇒ Optical Drives: A circular non-volatile data storage device that retrieves and encodes the data through low-power laser beams on the surface of a disc. ⇐

⇒ Compact Disc [CD]: An optical storage primarily used for music and small data files; the format is single-sided; the data capacity is 750 Megabytes.⇐

⇒ Digital Versatile Disc [DVD]: An optical storage for videos, software, and large data files; single or dual-sided; the capacity is 4.7 to 17.1 Gigabytes. ⇐

⇒ Blu-ray Disc: A high-capacity optical storage for storing high-definition and ultra-high-definition content, and large data files; 25 to 128 Gigabytes. ⇐

ATA Interface

⇒ Advanced Technology Attachment [ATA]: A standard interface used for connecting storage devices to a motherboard; replaced with advanced interfaces.⇐

⇒ Integrated Drive Electronics [IDE]: A type of ATA with integrated controllers which makes it easier to install and configure with the 40 pin ribbon cables.⇐

⇒ Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment [PATA]: The original ATA standard before SATA which transfers data in parallel, i.e., multiple bits all at once. ⇐

SATA INTERFACE

⇒ Serial Advanced Technology Attachment [SATA]: A high-speed interface used to connect internal storage device--e.g., HDD or SSD--to the motherboard ⇐

⇒ Key Feature - Serial Transmission: The data is sent through in a single stream which reduces cable size and interference. ⇐

⇒ SATA Characteristics: [Connector # of Pins] 7 on Data Cable; 15 on Power Connector [Speeds] 6.0 Gigabits Per Second. ⇐

SCSI Interface

⇒ Small Computer System Interface [SCSI]: An interface for connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices such as storage. ⇐

⇒ Performance Against Other Interfaces: SCSI supported faster data transfer rates compared to the ATA standards, but was replaced by the SATA interface. ⇐

VIDEO CARD

⇒ Video Card: A chip or expansion card allowing the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector. ⇐

⇒ Video Cards Format: [Expansion Card] The expansion card installed in an empty slot on the motherboard [Chip] A chip can be built into the motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Video Cards Also Called: Display Card, Graphics Card, Display Adapter, Video Adapter, Video Board, Video Controller, Graphics Processing Unit [GPU]. ⇐

GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT

⇒ Graphics Processing Unit [GPU]: A specialized processor which can process many pieces of data simultaneously; designed to accelerate graphics rendering. ⇐

⇒ Simultaneous Processing - Parallelism: GPU contains thousands of cores optimized for simultaneous operations, e.g., 3D rendering and scientific computing. ⇐

⇒ GPU Processing Capabilities Use Cases: [i] Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence [ii] Advanced Video Editing [iii] Top-Quality Gaming Applications ⇐

AUDIO CARD

⇒ Audio Card or Sound Card: An integrated circuit which generates audio signals, then transmits those audio signals into and out of the computer speakers. ⇐

⇒ Analog Sound to Digital Audio Signals: Accepts an analog sound, e.g., recording from a microphone or audiotape, then converts sound into the digital data. ⇐

⇒ Digital Audio Signals to Analog Sound: Accept digitized audio signals, e.g., signals from an audio file, then converts signals to analog signals for playback. ⇐

MIDI INTERFACE

⇒ Musical Instrument Digital Interface [MIDI]: An interface which allows devices to communicate by sending MIDI data, e.g., notes, pitch, and velocity.⇐

⇒ MIDI Controller: A hardware device which sends MIDI data to other devices or computers; used to control virtual instruments or software synthesizer. ⇐

⇒ Function: When a key is pressed, it sends a MIDI signal--e.g., play C note at 90 velocity--to a Digital Audio Workstation or synthesizer to generate sound. ⇐

NIC

⇒ Network Interface Card [NIC]: A circuit board installed in a computer providing a dedicated network connection; can not connect to internet without it. ⇐

⇒ Two Types of NICs: [Onboard NIC] NIC which is built into the motherboard [Add-on NIC] NIC which fit into an open expansion slot on the motherboard. ⇐

⇒ Network Communication: NIC receives digital signals and translates those into electrical or radio signals (and vice versa), allowing online access possible. ⇐

WIRED AND WIRELESS NIC

⇒ Wireless NIC: NIC which relies on an antenna to communicate through radio frequency waves on a Wi-Fi connection. ⇐

⇒ Wired NIC: NIC which relies on an input jack and a Wired Local Area Network [LAN] technology, e.g., Fast Ethernet. ⇐

MODEM

⇒ Modulator-Demodulator [Modem]: A hardware device which acts as a translator between Internet Service Providers [ISPs] and the router. ⇐

⇒ Router: A hardware device which delivers the internet connection to the devices at home or office, allowing them to connect through Wi-Fi. ⇐

⇒ Connection Flow: [i] ISP sends ISP signals (analog) via phone line, fiber, coaxial, etc [ii] Modem translates into digital data [iii] Router connect devices to Wi-Fi. ⇐

SYSTEM COOLING

⇒ System Cooling: The methods used to prevent internal computer components from overheating; protect critical parts from damage caused by excessive heat. ⇐

⇒ CPU Coolers: [Components] Include components like fans, radiators, heatsinks, thermal paste [Design] Heat flows away by dissipating heat produced by CPU. ⇐

COOLING METHODS

⇒ Passive Cooling: Relies on slowing operating speed of a component without any mechanical fans or powered elements; used when minimal heat is produced. ⇐

⇒ Active Cooling: Involves powered fans inside the case to draw cool air through front vents and expel warm air through the back; is common and affordable. ⇐

⇒ Forced Convection: Uses a fan to blow air across a heatsink which helps to move hot air away from the CPU quickly; generating fluid motion through a fan. ⇐

⇒ Heat Sink Cooling: A thermal compound is applied between CPU and heatsink and metallic heatsink is placed over CPU; heat is conducted to heatsink fins. ⇐

⇒ Liquid Cooling: Components include water block on top of a chip with circulating liquid; radiator and fans absorb heat of circulating fluid to cool the fluid. ⇐

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT - MEMORY SEMICONDUCTORS [집적회로 - 메모리 반도체]

RAM [MEMORY SUBSET]

⇒ Random-Access Memory [RAM]: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

SRAM [RAM SUBSET]

⇒ Static Random Access Memory [SRAM]: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

DRAM [RAM SUBSET]

⇒ Dynamic Random Access Memory [DRAM]: _________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

SDRAM [DRAM SUBSET]

⇒ Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory [DRAM]: _____________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

DDR SDRAM [SDRAM SUBSET]

⇒ Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory [DRAM]: ______________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

HBM [SDRAM SUBSET]

⇒ High Bandwidth Memory [HBM]: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

ROM [MEMORY SUBSET]

⇒ Read-Only Memory [ROM]: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

EEPROM [ROM SUBSET]

⇒ Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory [EEPROM]: ___________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

FLASH MEMORY [EEPROM SUBSET]

⇒ Flash Memory: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

NAND FLASH [FLASH MEMORY SUBSET]

⇒ NAND Flash Memory [NOT AND Gate]: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

NOR FLASH [FLASH MEMORY SUBSET]

⇒ NAND Flash Memory [NOT OR Gate]: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT - SYSTEM SEMICONDUCTORS, I.E., MICROPROCESSORS [집적회로 - 시스템 반도체]

CPU [CENTRAL]

⇒ Central Processing Unit [CPU]: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

GPU [CENTRAL]

⇒ Graphics Processing Unit [GPU]: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

TPU [TENSOR]

⇒ Tensor Processing Unit [TPU]: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

NPU [NEURAL]

⇒ Neural Processing Unit [NPU]: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

LPU [LANGUAGE]

⇒ Neural Processing Unit [NPU]: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

QPU [QUANTUM]

⇒ Quantum Processing Unit [QPU]: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

SoC [SYSTEM ON A CHIP]

⇒ System on a Chip [SoC]: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

AP [APPLICATION PROCESSOR]

⇒ Mobile Application Processor [AP]: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

⇒ ____________________: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ⇐

COURSE 2: INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE, PROGRAMMING AND DATABASES [소프트웨어, 프로그래밍, 및 데이터베이스 기초]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMPUTING PLATFORMS AND SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

⇒ Computing Platforms and Compatibility: COMPUTING PLATFORM DEFINED | SINGLE-PLATFORM SOFTWARE | CROSS-PLATFORM SOFTWARE ⇐

⇒ Commercial and Open Source Software: CLOSED SOURCE SOFTWARE DEFINED | OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEFINED ⇐

⇒ Software Licenses: SOFTWARE LICENSE DEFINED | SOFTWARE PURCHASE MODELS | Product Keys and Activation ⇐

⇒ Software Installation and Uninstallation Management: Before Installation Considerations | Software Uninstallation Procedures ⇐

⇒ Software Versions: SOFTWARE VERSIONS DEFINED | Software Version Numbering Systems | Version Compatibility ⇐

⇒ Mobile Applications and Stores: MOBILE APPLICATION STORE DEFINED | ACCESS, SEARCH, DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, UPDATE ⇐

⇒ Common Types of Software: PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE | BUSINESS SOFTWARE | COLLABORATION SOFTWARE | UTILITY SOFTWARE ⇐

FUNDAMENTALS OF WEB BROWSER, APPLICATIONS, AND CLOUD COMPUTING

⇒ Common Web Browsers: WEB BROWSER DEFINED | WEB BROWSER SOFTWARE COMPONENTS ⇐

⇒ Browser Installs and Updates: Obtaining Web Browsers | Importance of Browser Updates | Browser Update Schedules ⇐

⇒ Browser Plug-ins and Extensions: BROWSER PLUG-INS DEFINED | BROWSER EXTENSION DEFINED ⇐

⇒ Basic Browser Security Settings: PROXY SERVER DEFINED | COOKIES DEFINED | BROWSER AND CACHE ⇐

⇒ Browser Security Certificates and Pop-ups Settings: SECURITY CERTIFICATES DEFINED | Pop-up Defined ⇐

⇒ Private Browsing and Client-Side Scripting: PRIVATE BROWSING DEFINED | CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING DEFINED | JAVASCRIPT DISABLE ⇐

⇒ Introduction to Cloud Computing: CLOUD COMPUTING DEFINED | CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS | CLOUD SERVICE MODELS ⇐

⇒ Application Architecture: APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE DEFINED | ONE-TIER MODEL | TWO-TIER MODEL | THREE-TIER MODEL | N-TIER MODEL ⇐

⇒ Application Delivery Methods: DELIVERY METHODS DEFINED | LOCAL INSTALLATION | LOCAL-NETWORK HOSTED | CLOUD-HOSTED ⇐

⇒ Software Development Life Cycle: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE DEFINED | SDLC PHASES | POPULAR SDLC MODELS ⇐

BASICS OF PROGRAMMING

⇒ Programming Languages: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DEFINED | INTERPRETED LANGUAGE | COMPILED LANGUAGE ⇐

⇒ Comparing Compiled and Interpreted Programming Languages: Comparing Interpreted and Compiled | Examples of Programming Languages ⇐

⇒ Query and Assembly Languages: Programming Language Levels | QUERY LANGUAGES | QUERY STATEMENTS | ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES ⇐

⇒ Scripting Languages & Use Cases - Windows and Linux: SCRIPT DEFINED | SCRIPTING LANGUAGE | Examples of Scripting Languages ⇐

⇒ Understanding Code Organization Methods: IMPORTANCE OF CODE ORGANIZATION METHODS | FLOWCHARTS | PSEUDOCODE ⇐

⇒ Programming Logic: PROGRAMMING LOGIC DEFINED | BRANCHING PROGRAMMING LOGIC | LOOPING PROGRAMMING LOGIC ⇐

⇒ Introduction to Programming Concepts Part 2: FUNCTION DEFINED | Function Types | OBJECTS DEFINED | Object-Oriented Programming ⇐

DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS

⇒ Types of Data, Sources, and Uses: DATA DEFINED | DATA CLASSIFICATIONS | DATA FORMS | DATA STRUCTURES | DATA SOURCES ⇐

⇒ Database Fundamentals and Constructs: DATABASE DEFINED | DATABASE QUERY | DATABASE CONSTRAINTS | Flat File vs. Database ⇐

⇒ Database Roles and Permissions: DATABASE PERMISSIONS | PERMISSION TYPES | PERMISSION COMMANDS | DATABASE ROLES ⇐

⇒ Database Types: DATA STRUCTURES | RELATIONAL DATABASE | NON-RELATIONAL DATABASE | Non-Relational Database Models ⇐

⇒ Interfacing with Databases: DATABASE INTERFACE DEFINED | PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE INTERFACE | ACCESSING DATABASE ⇐

⇒ Database Management: DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEFINED | SQL COMMAND CATEGORIES | DATA INPUT | DATA EXTRACTION ⇐

⇒ Backing Up Databases: DATABASE BACKUP DEFINED | PHYSICAL BACKUP | LOGICAL BACKUP | DATABASE BACKUP METHODS ⇐

COMPUTING PLATFORMS AND SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS [컴퓨팅 플랫폼 및 소프트웨어 응용]

COMPUTING PLATFORM DEFINED

⇒ Computing Platform: The environment where hardware and software work together to run applications. ⇐

⇒ Component - Hardware: The type of device such as a desktop computer, laptop, or smart phone. ⇐

⇒ Component - Software: The type of OS and the programs and applications which run on the OS. ⇐

⇒ Platform Type - Desktop Platform: Includes personal computers and laptops that run operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. ⇐

⇒ Platform Type - Web-Based Platform: Includes modern browsers like Firefox and Chrome that function the same in various operating systems. ⇐

⇒ Platform Type - Mobile Platform: Includes mobile devices like the Pixel and the iPhone which run operating systems such as Android and iOS. ⇐

⇒ Planning Application: The software developers must consider if they design for one platform or across platforms depending on the primary users. ⇐

SINGLE-PLATFORM SOFTWARE

⇒ Single-Platform Software: A software where the programming code only works on one kind of computing platform. ⇐

⇒ Single Platform Characteristics: [i] Written for a particular OS or version of OS [ii] Written in specific programming language [iii] Operates only in a target OS. ⇐

⇒ Single Platform - Pros: [i] Smaller and focused app user base [ii] Better performance and faster speed [iii] Program is easier to use as UX is designed for one OS. ⇐

⇒ Single Platform - Cons: [i] Higher cost of development [ii] Longer development time [iii] More specialized programming expertise needed [iv] Frequent updates. ⇐

CROSS-PLATFORM SOFTWARE

⇒ Cross-Platform Software: A software where the programming code can function on multiple computing platform. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform Characteristics: [i] Written for more than one OS type [ii] Operates similarly on platforms [iii] Performance varies due to platform differences. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform - Pros: [i] Programming expertise more generalized [ii] A wider app user base and market reach [iii] Lower cost of development in shorter term. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform - Cons: [i] Design challenges for similar the app functionalities on different OS [ii] Performance may vary due to differences [iii] UX may vary. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform Compatibility Concern #1: The software acts differently or may have limited usability across devices and platforms. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform Compatibility Concern #2: The software is created by different developers, so code interpretation could be different. ⇐

⇒ Cross-Platform Compatibility Concern #3: The functionalities and results differ across platform which ends up in undesired results. ⇐

CLOSED SOURCE SOFTWARE DEFINED

⇒ Closed Source Software [or Commercial or Proprietary]: A copyrighted software which is identified in the End User License Agreement.⇐

⇒ End-User License Agreement [EULA]: A legal contract between the software developer or vendors and the end user which outlines terms and conditions.⇐

⇒ Copyright Acknowledgment: When individual or company purchase the software, there must be an acknowledgement of the software developer copyright. ⇐

⇒ Prohibited Code Modification in Closed Source: The closed source code is private which means that users are disallowed to copy, modify, or redistribute. ⇐

⇒ Open Source Code Bundles: While developed for commercial profit, the software can include open source code bundles along with a private source code. ⇐

⇒ Product Key in Closed Source Software: Commercial software usually requires the product key or a serial number to certify that the software is original. ⇐

⇒ Freemium Closed Source Software: Some commercial software is free, but upgrades and updates may cost extra payment or the software contains Ads. ⇐

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEFINED

⇒ Open Source Software [or Free]: A free software which can be downloaded, installed, and used without any restriction.⇐

⇒ Allowed Code Modification in Open Source: Free source code which can be freely copied, modified, and redistributed. ⇐

⇒ Opened Access to Software Codes: Open access to the software functions an software code without cost or restrictions. ⇐

⇒ Allowed Developer Contributions: The developers and users can contribute to the source code to improve the software. ⇐

⇒ Copyright Agreement Is Still Required: Open source software requires users to agree to the EULA to use the software. ⇐

SOFTWARE LICENSE DEFINED

⇒ Software License: A contract which states the terms and conditions between the developer of the source code and use of the software. ⇐

⇒ Statement #1: [i] Specifies who owns the software, [ii] outlines copyrights for the software, and [iii] specifies the terms and duration of the license. ⇐

⇒ Statement #2: [i] States where the software can be installed, [ii] how many copies of software can be installed, [iii] and how software can be used. ⇐

⇒ License Type - Single-Use License: A license which allows a single installation on one device or any machines which belong to only one user. ⇐

⇒ License Type - Group, Corporate, Campus, Site License: A license which allows multiple installation for a specified number of multiple users. ⇐

⇒ License Type - Concurrent License: A license which allows installation and access on many computers, but limited by concurrent user access. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Public Domain: Allows anyone to use, modify, and distribute the software freely without any restrictions. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Freeware: Allows anyone to freely use software, but source code is usually unavailable and unmodifiable. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Shareware: Allows users to try software for a limited period of time before deciding whether to purchase. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Open Source: Allows users access as long as license terms followed; often requires modifications shared. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Proprietary: Grants users right to use software, but source code is not available, and can not be modified. ⇐

⇒ Software License Type - Copyleft: Close to open source license, but source code is unavailable and unmodifiable unless permitted. ⇐

SOFTWARE PURCHASE MODELS

⇒ Purchase Model - Trial: Usually free only given for a limited time, so that a user can decide if they want to purchase after their trials. ⇐

⇒ Purchase Model - Subscription: A payment model which requires recurring payments and users are billed regularly on a set schedule. ⇐

⇒ Purchase Model - One-Time: A payment model which users pay just once for the software and can be not interrupted for software life. ⇐

⇒ Subscription Characteristics: [i] Generates more income for developers [ii] Can control the costs and updates [iii] Access to software for a limited time. ⇐

⇒ One-Time Characteristics: [i] The software updates and upgrades may not be available [ii] Can access anytime without interruption under software life. ⇐

Product Keys and Activation

⇒ Product Key: The unique and long sequences of numbers which certify the originality of software copy; locked to a specific computer once activated. ⇐

⇒ Delivery of Product Key: [i] Included in the physical packaging [ii] Sent via Email for downloaded software [iii] Automatically registers when installed.⇐

Before Installation Considerations

⇒ Consideration #1: Avoid software with Ads or other unwanted software and avoid downloading software which contains malware. ⇐

⇒ Consideration #2: Review permission requests to access other applications and hardware on the device which software is installed. ⇐

⇒ Consideration #3: Be selective when allowing application privileges to item such as device camera, contact lists, location data, etc. ⇐

⇒ Consideration #4: Consider minimum system requirements such as processor speed, amount of RAM, compatible OS versions, etc. ⇐

Software Uninstallation Procedures

⇒ Uninstallation Reason #1: The specific software slows down overall speed of the computer device. ⇐

⇒ Uninstallation Reason #2: The software version is outdated, so new software installation is needed. ⇐

⇒ Uninstallation Reason #3: The device does not have enough available storage space with software. ⇐

SOFTWARE VERSIONS DEFINED

⇒ Software Versions: Represented by version numbers, the software versions indicate release history, update history, and patches, i.e., small fixes or updates.⇐

⇒ Software Versions Functionalities: [i] Users can determine what software version in use [ii] Developers can provide useful information with version numbers. ⇐

Software Version Numbering Systems

⇒ Version Numbering System: Some version numbers follow the semantic numbering system and have four parts separated by the period, e.g., 9.1.33.6⇐

⇒ Numbering Information: [i] 1.0 generally indicates first release [ii] Software with many releases have a larger number [iii] Some use dates as numbers. ⇐

⇒ Numbering - First Number: Indicates major changes to software such as a new release. ⇐

⇒ Numbering - Second Number: Indicates minor changes made to the pieces of software. ⇐

⇒ Numbering - Third Number: Indicates patches or minor bug fixes within the software. ⇐

⇒ Numbering - Fourth Number: Indicates build numbers, build dates, and other change. ⇐

Version Compatibility

⇒ Compatibility Issue and Update: The older software versions may not work as well in new versions, so an update to a new version might be needed. ⇐

⇒ Backward Compatibility: The software which has backward compatibility will function properly with older versions of files, programs, and systems. ⇐

MOBILE APPLICATION STORE DEFINED

⇒ Mobile Application Store: A trusted location for discovering millions of applications for operating system platforms, e.g., Apple App Store, Google Play Store.⇐

⇒ Trusted Source to Download and Install: The App Stores have high standards for applications in them, requiring strict guidelines for data security and privacy. ⇐

ACCESS, SEARCH, DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, UPDATE

⇒ Access: The process or navigating to the mobile application store through a mobile device, e.g., built-in app or internet access. ⇐

⇒ Search: The action of finding an application within the app store by using tools including keywords, categories, or voice input. ⇐

⇒ Download: The process of transferring an application package file from the mobile application store servers to a mobile device. ⇐

⇒ Install: The process of unpacking and configuring the downloaded application file into the operating system of a mobile device. ⇐

⇒ Update: The act of applying a newer version of already installed applications to improve features, fix bugs, or enhance security. ⇐

PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE

⇒ Productivity Software: The programs and applications which users use everyday, helping users to manage activities and complete daily tasks. ⇐

⇒ Example - Word Processing Software: [Purpose] To create, use, and edit documents [Examples] Words, Pages, Google Docs ⇐

⇒ Example - Presentation Software: [Purpose] To create slides for presentations [Examples] PowerPoint, Keynote, Google Slides ⇐

⇒ Example - Spreadsheet Software: [Purpose] To create worksheets that perform calculations on numerical data [Examples] Excel, Google Sheets ⇐

⇒ Example - Web Browser Software: [Purpose] To allow users to browser the Internet or local networks [Examples] Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge ⇐

⇒ Example - Visual Diagramming Software: [Purpose] To create, use, and edit visual files [Examples] Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator, Microsoft Visio ⇐

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

⇒ Business Software: The programs and applications which help businesses complete work tasks and business-specific processes more efficiently. ⇐

⇒ Example - Database Software: [Purpose] To create, manage, maintain databases [Examples] IBM DB2, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle Database, Amazon RDS ⇐

⇒ Example - Business Specific Software: [Purpose] To perform functions specific to business [Examples] Salesforce, Oracle NetSuite, SAP HANA, WorkWise ⇐

⇒ Example - Project Management Software: [Purpose] To build, implement, track, manage projects [Examples] MS Project, Oracle NetSuite, Wrike, ZenHub ⇐

⇒ Example - Accounting Software: [Purpose] To track and manage financial transactions and records [Examples] Intuit Quickbooks, Xero, FINSYNC ⇐

COLLABORATION SOFTWARE

⇒ Collaboration Software: Helps communication and collaboration by allowing the users to create, develop, and share information collaboratively.⇐

⇒ Example - Email Client: [Purpose] To send and receive Emails [Examples] Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail, Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Naver Mail ⇐

⇒ Example - Conferencing Software: [Purpose] To connect users via video calls, screen sharing [Examples] Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex ⇐

⇒ Example - Instant Messaging Software: [Purpose] To connect users in real-time texts and video [Examples] Facebook Messenger, Snapchat, Skype ⇐

⇒ Example - Online Workspace: [Purpose] To provide online environment for service and application [Examples] Microsoft Online 365, Slack, Google Docs ⇐

⇒ Example - Document Sharing: [Purpose] To host provate and sharable file storage by cloud-based services [Examples] MS OneDrive, Google Drive, Dropbox ⇐

UTILITY SOFTWARE

⇒ Utility Software: Runs continuously on a computer without requiring direct user interaction, keeping computers and networks function properly. ⇐

⇒ Example - Anti-Malware Software: [Purpose] To protect computers from malware, e.g., viruses, spyware, worms, trojans [Examples] Bitdefender, McAfee ⇐

⇒ Example - Firewall Software: [Purpose] To protect computers from cyberattacks and to filter network traffic [Examples] Windows Firewall, Cisco Secure Firewall ⇐

⇒ Example - Preventative Maintenance Software: [Purpose] To scan, check, diagnosis hard disk errors and optimize operations [Examples] Windows Disk Management ⇐

File Extensions

⇒ File Extensions: A file identification with three and four letters, telling users more information about files and the application that use those files. ⇐

⇒ File Extension Naming Rules and Examples: [i] Three to four letters [ii] Appear after the file name [Ex] filename.api | filename.doc | filename.docx ⇐

EXECUTABLE FILES

⇒ Executable Files: Files which run programs and applications as a part of the operating system, an installation package, or an application that runs. ⇐

⇒ Executable Files File Format Extension Examples: [i] .exe EXE [ii] .bat BAT [iii] .sh SH [iv] .cmd CMD [v] .app APP [vi] .msi orMSI ⇐

COMPRESSION FILES

⇒ Compression Files: Files used to [i] combine large files to save disk space, [ii] store archived files not needing regular access, [iii] condense any type of files. ⇐

⇒ Compression Files File Format Extensions Examples: [i] ZIP or ZIPX [ii] 7-ZIP, 7z [iii] GZIP, GZ [iv] ISO [v] JAR [vi] RAR [v] TAR ⇐

MEDIA FILES

⇒ Media Files [Audio and Video Files]: The media files which can contain sound recordings, video recordings, or both; different media formats are available. ⇐

⇒ Media Files File Format Extensions Examples: [Audio] WAV, MPEG (MP3 and MP4), AAC, MIDI [Video] AVI, FLV, MPEG, WMV ⇐

IMAGE FILES

⇒ Image Files: The images, photos, digital paintings, and pictures can be stored as image files, e.g., JPEG, PNG, TIFF, GIF.⇐

⇒ Image Files File Format Extensions Examples: [i] GIF [ii] JPG or JPEG: small size, low quality [iii] PNG [iv] TIFF or TIF ⇐

DOCUMENT FILES

⇒ Document Files: The files that rely on mostly text are saved as document files, TXT, RTF, DOCX, XLSC, PDF, PPTX.⇐

⇒ Document Files File Format Extensions Examples: [i] TXT [ii] RTF [iii] DOCX or DOC [iv] XLSX or SLX [v] PDF ⇐

FUNDAMENTALS OF WEB BROWSER, APPLICATIONS, AND CLOUD COMPUTING [웹 브라우저, 애플리케이션, 클라우드 컴퓨팅]

WEB BROWSER DEFINED

⇒ Web Browser: A software interface to access recourses on the internet by allowing users to request and retrieve web-based contents stored on web servers.⇐

⇒ Web Browser Role: [i] Users request access to webpages on various websites [ii] Browsers request and retrieve content [iii] Display content on web pages. ⇐

⇒ Web Browser Market Share: [i] Google Chrome: 64.47% [ii] Apple Safari: 29.06% [iii] Microsoft Edge: 3.99% [Next] Mozilla Firefox, Samsung Internet. ⇐

WEB BROWSER SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

⇒ Component - User Interface: Where the user uses common UI elements, e.g., search bars, address bars, buttons, history, bookmarks, favorites. ⇐

⇒ Uniform Resource Locator [URL]: A reference to resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. ⇐

⇒ UI Tools: [Navigation Tools] Buttons used for navigation, e.g., home, back, forward, refresh. [Address Bar] To enter a URL to search for contents. ⇐

⇒ Component - Browser Engine: The pieces of code responsible for querying and controlling rendering engine based on user interactions in UI. ⇐

⇒ Browser Engine Requesting Functionalities: [i] Request to load the URL [ii] Request to back and forward navigation when the user is browsing. ⇐

⇒ Component - Rendering Engine: An engine that interprets and presents--i.e., renders--the requested web pages and content on browser screen. ⇐

⇒ HyperText Markup Language [HTML]: The standard markup language for documents which are designed to be displayed in the web browser. ⇐

⇒ Extensible Markup Language [XML]: The metalanguage that allows users to define own customized markup languages to display documents. ⇐

⇒ Interprets and Presents: [i] Interprets HTML code, XML documents, and images [ii] Presents in easily digestible formats on the browser screen. ⇐

⇒ Rendering Engine and Plugins and Extensions: A rendering engine is capable of displaying other kinds of data by using plugins and extensions. ⇐

⇒ Component - Networking: A component which retrieves the entered URLs by using Internet Communication Protocol such as HTTP and FTP. ⇐

⇒ HyperText Transfer Protocol [HTTP]: The foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW) which is utilized to load web pages using hypertext link. ⇐

⇒ File Transfer Protocol [FTP]: A protocol used for secure transferring of computer files between a client and a server on the computer network. ⇐

⇒ Responsibilities of Networking: Responsible to handle the cache of recently retrieved content, which allows browsers to re-issue when requested. ⇐

⇒ Benefits: [i] Reduce network traffic [ii] Speeds up web requests [iii] Eliminates need to go back to source content which was previously retrieved. ⇐

⇒ Component - JavaScript Interpreter: Interprets and executes JavaScript code embedded in viewed website, directing result to rendering engine. ⇐

⇒ Javascript: A scripting language which is primarily used to make web pages interactive, allowing the developers to implement dynamic feature. ⇐

⇒ Directing Interpretation to Rendering Engine: The interpreted results are directed to the rendering engine to be rendered on the browser screen. ⇐

⇒ Component - UI Backend: Responsible for drawing basic widget by using underlying operating system UI methods to expose generic interface. ⇐

⇒ Web Widget: The small, customizable applications or tools embedded into website or web application to enhance functionality and engage user. ⇐

⇒ Widget - Windows: A graphic user interface widget which acts as a container for interface elements, representing independent workspace or view. ⇐

⇒ Widget - Combo Boxes: A user interface widget which combines a drop-down list with an editable text box to select from list or enter own value. ⇐

⇒ Component - Data Persistence: A data storage component that is essentially a small database located on the local device which stores user data.⇐

⇒ User Data Stored in Data Persistence: [i] Cache of the Computer [ii] Session Storage [iii] Cookies [iv] Bookmarks [v] User Profile Preferences ⇐

Obtaining Web Browsers

⇒ Pre-Installed: [i] Edge on Microsoft Windows OS [ii] Safari on iOS and macOS [iii] Samsung Internet on Android ⇐

⇒ Download on Website or App Store: [i] Edge [ii] Safari [iii] Chrome [iv] Firefox [v] Opera [vi] Samsung Internet ⇐

⇒ Setting Default Browser: The default browser is the browser which the operating system will automatically direct. ⇐

Importance of Browser Updates

⇒ Compatibility With Websites: As new web-based technologies emerge, the web browsers need to be updated to support new technologies. ⇐

⇒ Security Vulnerabilities: Not having an updated web browser can lead into possibility of being compromised by malicious software attack. ⇐

⇒ New Features: As a developer add new or improved features to their browser software, the web browsers need to gain the updated benefits. ⇐

Browser Update Schedules

⇒ Major Update Frequency: A major update happen every four weeks for Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox Browsers. ⇐

⇒ Minor Update Frequency: Minor updates--e.g.,security fixes, crash fixes, policy updates--happen as needed within the four-week period. ⇐

⇒ Extended Release Vendors: Some vender offer extended release for updates at much-reduced frequency for the structured environments. ⇐

BROWSER PLUG-INS DEFINED

⇒ Browser Plug-In [or Add-In or Add-On]: A small piece of software which provides some specific bit of extra functionality to the web browser, e.g., to view content. ⇐

⇒ Viewing Web Browser Contents: A web browser, along HTML contents, also allows viewing of other web-based content, e.g., images, video, audio, and XML files. ⇐

BROWSER EXTENSION DEFINED

⇒ Browser Extension: An application which provides the extended functionalities for the web browser, along with enabling its users to customize their web browser. ⇐

⇒ Difference Between Plug-In and Extension: The plug-ins are executable code to add functionality, while extensions are non-executable code to extend functionality. ⇐

⇒ Extension Capability: The extensions can customize browser context menus, add buttons and toolbars, manage cookies, and block pop-ups, whereas plug-ins cannot. ⇐

PROXY SERVER DEFINED

⇒ Proxy Server: An intermediary that makes web requests on behalf of clients to protect privacy and bypass limits, making a website think the proxy is site visitor. ⇐

⇒ Organizational Benefits of Proxy Server: The proxy server helps organizations to maintain web security, web monitoring, and content filtering for all employees. ⇐

⇒ Performance Efficiency of Proxy Server: The proxy server reduces bandwidth usage and improves the web request speed by modifying IP addresses information. ⇐

COOKIES DEFINED

⇒ Cookie: The small pieces of text-based data storing information about computer when browsing a website, saving session information for customized experience. ⇐

⇒ Session Cookie: The specific type of data which retains items in the online shopping basket when the user is actively purchasing goods on the retail service website. ⇐

⇒ Security Risks: The potential of invading privacy through browsing behavior tracking for unsolicited ads or utilizing cookie fraud to falsify the users online identity. ⇐

⇒ Cookie Control: The browser settings which is used to allow all cookies, block third-party cookies, or block all cookies depending on the user privacy requirements. ⇐

BROWSER AND CACHE

⇒ Cache: The temporary storage area which is used to store web data so it can be quickly retrieved and reused instead of needing to go back to the original source. ⇐

⇒ Cache Purging: The process of clearing cached images and files from the local disk to ensure the browser successfully retrieves the latest content from the internet. ⇐

SECURITY CERTIFICATES DEFINED

⇒ Padlock Icon: The visual indicator next to URL confirming that connection is secure and that the site uses SSL or TLS encryption standards for HTTPS protocol. ⇐

⇒ Not Secure Warning: A notification appearing when a site uses HTTP protocol instead of HTTPS protocol or has an expired or untrusted SSL security certificate. ⇐

⇒ SSL and TLS (Modern Version): The protocol standards for secure communication between systems using encryption algorithms to protect data during transit. ⇐

Pop-up Defined

⇒ Pop-up: The third-party scripts or advertisements which appear during browsing, typically used for targeted online marketing purposes. ⇐

⇒ Malicious Pop-ups: The deceptive notifications which may look legitimate, but contain malware designed to gain control of the computers. ⇐

PRIVATE BROWSING DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

JAVASCRIPT DISABLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CLOUD COMPUTING DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CLOUD SERVICE MODELS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

ONE-TIER MODEL

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TWO-TIER MODEL

⇒ ____________ ⇐

THREE-TIER MODEL

⇒ ____________ ⇐

N-TIER MODEL

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DELIVERY METHODS DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

LOCAL INSTALLATION

⇒ ____________ ⇐

LOCAL-NETWORK HOSTED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CLOUD HOSTED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SDLC PHASES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

POPULAR SDLC MODELS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

BASICS OF PROGRAMMING [프로그래밍 기초]

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

INTERPRETED LANGUAGE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COMPILED LANGUAGE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Comparing Interpreted and Compiled

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Examples of Programming Languages

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Programming Language Levels

⇒ ____________ ⇐

QUERY LANGUAGES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

QUERY STATEMENTS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SCRIPT DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SCRIPTING LANGUAGE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Examples of Scripting Languages

⇒ ____________ ⇐

IMPORTANCE OF CODE ORGANIZATION

⇒ ____________ ⇐

FLOWCHARTS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PSEUDOCODE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PROGRAMMING LOGIC DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

BRANCHING PROGRAMMING LOGIC

⇒ ____________ ⇐

LOOPING PROGRAMMING LOGIC

⇒ ____________ ⇐

IDENTIFIERS DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Variables

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CONTAINERS DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Arrays

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Vectors

⇒ ____________ ⇐

FUNCTION DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Function Types

⇒ ____________ ⇐

OBJECTS DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Object-Oriented Programming

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS [데이터베이스 기초]

DATA DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA CLASSIFICATIONS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA FORMS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA STRUCTURES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA SOURCES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE QUERY

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE CONSTRAINTS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Flat File vs. Database

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE PERMISSIONS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PERMISSION TYPES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PERMISSION COMMANDS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE ROLES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA STRUCTURES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

RELATIONAL DATABASE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

NON-RELATIONAL DATABASE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

Non-Relational Database Models

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE INTERFACE DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE INTERFACE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

ACCESSING DATABASE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SQL COMMAND CATEGORIES

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA INPUT

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATA EXTRACTION

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE BACKUP DEFINED

⇒ ____________ ⇐

PHYSICAL BACKUP

⇒ ____________ ⇐

LOGICAL BACKUP

⇒ ____________ ⇐

DATABASE BACKUP METHODS

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COURSE 3: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING [클라우드 컴퓨팅 개론]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OVERVIEW A: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

⇒ Definition and Essentials of Cloud Computing: WHY CLOUD COMPUTING | CLOUD COMPUTING DEFINED | 5 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS ⇐

⇒ History and Evolution of Cloud Computing: CLOUD COMPUTING EVOLUTION | _________________ | ____________________ ⇐

⇒ Key Considerations for Cloud Computing: KEY DRIVERS FOR MOVING TO CLOUD | ___________________ | _____________________ ⇐

⇒ Key Cloud Service Providers and Their Services: FUTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING | MAJOR CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS ⇐

OVERVIEW B: CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS CASE

⇒ Cloud Adoption - No Longer a Choice: CLOUD ADOPTION | BUSINESS VALUE STATISTICS | _________________ | ____________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Adoption Benefits and Use Cases: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Adoption - Some Case Studies: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

OVERVIEW C: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ACCELERATED BY CLOUD

⇒ Internet of Things in the Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Artificial Intelligence on the Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Blockchain and Analytics in the Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

MODEL A: SERVICE MODELS

⇒ Overview of Cloud Service Models: INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE | PLATFORM AS A SERVICE | SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE ⇐

⇒ IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ PaaS - Platform as a Service: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ SaaS - Software as a Service: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

MODEL B: DEPLOYMENT MODELS

⇒ Public Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Private Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Hybrid Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Community Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Computing Service and Deployment Models: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

COMPONENT A: CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE

⇒ Overview of Cloud Infrastructure: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Virtualization and Virtual Machines Explained: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Types of Virtual Machines: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Bare Metal Servers: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Secure Networking in Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Containers: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Components of Cloud Computing: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

COMPONENT B: CLOUD STORAGE AND CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS

⇒ Basics of Storage on Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ File Storage: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Block Storage: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Object Storage Overview: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Object Storage - Tiers and APIs: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ CDN - Content Delivery Networks: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Storage: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

TREND A: HYBRID MULTI-CLOUD, MICROSERVICES, SERVERLESS

⇒ Hybrid Multi-Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Microservices: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Serverless Computing: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

TREND B: CLOUD NATIVE APPLICATIONS, DEVOPS, APPLICATION MODERNIZATION

⇒ Cloud Native Applications: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ DevOps on the Cloud: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Application Modernization: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Native and Emergent Cloud Trends: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

SECURITY: CLOUD SECURITY AND MONITORING

⇒ What is Cloud Security - Part 1: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ What is Cloud Security - Part 2: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Identity and Access Management: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Encryption: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud Monitoring - Basics and Benefits: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

CASE: CLOUD CASE STUDIES AND JOBS

⇒ Case Studies in Different Industry Verticals: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Career Opportunities and Job Roles in Cloud Computing: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Job Market for Cloud Computing: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

OVERVIEW A: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING [클라우드 컴퓨팅 개론]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

OVERVIEW B: CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS CASE [클라우드 컴퓨팅의 비즈니스 타당성]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

OVERVIEW C: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ACCELERATED BY CLOUD [클라우드 기술로 가속화되는 기술]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

MODEL A: SERVICE MODELS [클라우드 서비스 제공 모델]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

MODEL B: DEPLOYMENT MODELS [클라우드 서비스 배포 모델]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COMPONENT A: CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE [클라우드 인프라스트럭처 구성]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COMPONENT B: CLOUD STORAGE AND CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS [클라우드 스토리지 및 콘텐츠 전송 네트워크]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TREND A: HYBRID MULTI-CLOUD, MICROSERVICES, SERVERLESS [하이브리드 멀티 클라우드, 마이크로서버, 서버리스 컴퓨팅]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TREND B: CLOUD NATIVE APPLICATIONS, DEVOPS, APPLICATION MODERNIZATION [클라우드 네이티브 애플리케이션, 데브옵스, 애플리케이션 현대화]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SECURITY - CLOUD SECURITY AND MONITORING [클라우드 보안 체계 및 실시간 모니터링]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CASE - CLOUD CASE STUDIES AND JOBS [클라우드 적용 사례 및 관련 직무]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COURSE 4: INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING AND STORAGE [네트워킹 및 스토리지 개론]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS A

⇒ Network Types and Topologies: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ From Wired to Wireless Internet Connections: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cables: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Wireless Connections: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Types: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS B

⇒ Networking Hardware Devices: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Packets, IP Addressing, DNS, DHCP, and NAT: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Microsoft Windows Server Lab Environment: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Models, Standards, Protocols, and Ports: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Wireless Networks and Standards: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Protocol Table: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

CONFIGURING AND TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKS

⇒ Configuring a Wired SOHO Network: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Configuring a (Wireless) SOHO network: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Mobile Configurations: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Network Settings in Windows: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Troubleshooting Network Connectivity: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Network Troubleshooting with Command Line Utilities: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

STORAGE TYPES AND NETWORK SHARING

⇒ Types of Local Storage Devices: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Local Storage with Multiple Drives: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Troubleshooting Storage Issues: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Types of Hosted Storage and Sharing: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Network Storage Types: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Cloud-Based Storage Devices: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS A [네트워킹 기초]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS B [네트워킹 기초]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

CONFIGURING AND TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKS [네트워킹 구성 및 문제 해결]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SHORTAGE TYPES AND NETWORK SHARING [스토리지 유형 및 네트워킹 공유]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

COURSE 5: INTRODUCTION TO CYBERSECURITY ESSENTIALS [사이버보안 기초 필수과정]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COMMON SECURITY THREATS AND RISKS

⇒ Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Security and Information Privacy: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Threats and Breaches: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Microsoft Windows Server Lab Environment: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Threat Types: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Phishing, Social Engineering, and Other Attacks: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

SECURITY BEST PRACTICES

⇒ Password Management Techniques: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Authentication and SSO: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Security Threats: Access Control, Authorization, and Authentication: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Hardening Devices: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Security Threats: Validation and Device Usage: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Security Threats: Encryption Concepts: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Managing Email and Spam: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

SAFE BROWSING PRACTICES

⇒ Safe Browsing Practices: Application Ecosystem Security: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Safe Browsing Practices: Public Browsing Risks: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Safe Browsing Practices: Plug-ins, Extensions, and Toolbars: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Security Threats: Safe Browsing Techniques: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

⇒ Virtual Private Networks: ____________________________________________________ ⇐

COMMON SECURITY THREATS AND RISKS [주요 보안 위협 및 위험 요소]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SECURITY BEST PRACTICES [보안 모범 사례]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

SAFE BROWSING PRACTICES [안전한 브라우징 실천법]

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

TITLE

⇒ ____________ ⇐

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