Curriculum Expectations

• Big IdeasEvery element has predictable chemical and physical properties determined by its structure.
• The type of chemical bond in a compound determines the physical and chemical properties of that compound.
• It is important to use chemicals properly to minimize the risks to human health and the environment.

Overall Expectations

• B1. analyse the properties of commonly used chemical substances and their effects on human health and the environment, and propose ways to lessen their impact;
• B2. investigate physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds, and use various methods to visually represent them;
• B3. demonstrate an understanding of periodic trends in the periodic table and how elements combine to form chemical bonds.

Specific Expectations

B1. Relating Science to Technology, Society and the Environment

• B1.1 analyse, on the basis of research, the proper- ties of a commonly used but potentially harmful chemical substance (e.g., fertilizer, pesticide, a household cleaning product, materials used in electronics and batteries) and how that substance affects the environment, and propose ways to lessen the harmfulness of the substance (e.g., by reducing the amount used, by modifying one of its chemical components) or identify alternative substances that could be used for the same purpose [IP, PR, AI, C]
• B1.2 evaluate the risks and benefits to human health of some commonly used chemical substances (e.g., chemical additives in foods; pharmaceuticals; cosmetics and perfumes; household cleaning products) [AI,C]

B2. Developing Skills of Investigation and Communication

• B2.1 use appropriate terminology related to chemical trends and chemical bonding, includ- ing, but not limited to: atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity [C]
• B2.2 analyse data related to the properties of elements within a period (e.g., ionization energy, atomic radius) to identify general trends in the periodic table [AI]
• B2.3 use an inquiry process to investigate the chemical reactions of elements (e.g., metals, non-metals) with other substances (e.g., oxygen, acids, water), and produce an activity series using the resulting data [PR, AI]
• B2.4 draw Lewis structures to represent the bonds in ionic and molecular compounds [PR, C]
• B2.5 predict the nature of a bond (e.g., non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic), using electro- negativity values of atoms [AI]
• B2.6 build molecular models, and write structural formulae, for molecular compounds containing single and multiple bonds (e.g., CO2, H2O, C2H4), and for ionic crystalline structures (e.g., NaCl) [PR, AI, C]
• B2.7 write chemical formulae of binary and polyatomic compounds, including those with multiple valences, and name the compounds using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature system [AI, C]

B3. Understanding Basic Concepts

• B3.1 explain the relationship between the atomic number and the mass number of an element, and the difference between isotopes and radio- isotopes of an element
• B3.2 explain the relationship between isotopic abundance of an element’s isotopes and the relative atomic mass of the element
• B3.3 state the periodic law, and explain how patterns in the electron arrangement and forces in atoms result in periodic trends (e.g., in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity) in the periodic table
• B3.4 explain the differences between the forma- tion of ionic bonds and the formation of covalent bonds
• B3.5 compare and contrast the physical properties of ionic and molecular compounds (e.g., NaCl and CH4; NaOH and H2O)

Next: Misconceptions