In Hindside 2024 - 1824 Carnot's "Reflexions"
http://Carnot1824-2024Reflections.MKostic.com

 
http://Carnot.MKostic.com *** http://Clausius.MKostic.com *** http://Kelvin.MKostic.com

"If Clausius and Kelvin were "fathers of thermodynamics" then Sadi Carnot was the "Forefather of Thermodynamics-to-become" [M Kostic, 2LT, 2023 October 29]


2024 ‘Key Reflections’ on the 1824 Sadi Carnot’s ‘Réflexions’ and 200 Year Legacy

Milivoje M. Kostic
Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, USA
 Email: kostic@niu.edu * Web: kostic.niu.edu/ & http://Carnot.MKostic.com * 31 December 2024
Entropy 2025, 27(5), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050502 (PDF)
Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > (PDF)*Figs

NOTE: First time an extended abstract accepted (Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1) for
CARNOT LILLE 2024 International Colloquium Carnot 1824-2024, University of Lille, Lille, France, 11-13 September 2024; however, withdrawn by the author due to attendance disagreement.

Abstract
This author is not a philosopher nor historian of science, but an engineering thermodynamicist. In that regard and in addition to various philosophical “why & how” treatises and existing historical analyses, the physical and logical “what it is” reflections, as successive Key Points, where a key reasoning infers the next one, along with novel contributions and original generalizations, are presented. We need to keep in mind that in Sadi Carnot’s time (early 1800s) the steam engines were inefficient (below 5%, so the heat in and out were comparable within experimental uncertainty, as if caloric were conserved), the conservation of caloric flourished (might be a fortunate misconception leading to the critical analogy with the waterwheel), and many critical thermal-concepts, including the conservation of energy (The First Law) were not even established. Since Clausius and Kelvin earned to be "Fathers of thermodynamics" then Sadi Carnot was 'the ingenious' "Forefather of Thermodynamics-to-become" [Kostic, 2023 October 29].

Keywords: Sadi Carnot; Carnot cycle; Reversibility; Heat Engine; Contradiction impossibility; Maximum engine efficiency; Thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics ...
Entropy 2025, 27(5), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050502 (PDF)
Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF*Figs

See 2LT * Selected Presentations at Speaking, Lecturing, and Media
Also,  Proofs of the Fundamental Laws *  Carnot Cycle Efficiency is Fundamentally Misplaced