Professor Kostic - Sadi Carnot's Réflexions

Sadi Carnot's Legacy 1824-2024

Sadi Carnot's Réflexions

"Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance, Bachelier: Paris, France, 1824"
Sadi Carnot's Reflections
"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire [Wiki, English Translation & WikiSource-WiS]"

http://Carnot.MKostic.com * http://Clausius.MKostic.com * http://Kelvin.MKostic.com
"If Clausius and Kelvin were "fathers of thermodynamics" then Sadi Carnot was the "grandfather" [Kostic, 2023 July 24], or better yet,
Sadi Carnot was the "Forefather of Thermodynamics-to-become" [Kostic, 2LT, 2023 October 29]

http://Carnot1824-2024Reflections.MKostic.com
2024 'Key Reflections' on 1824 Sadi Carnot's 'Reflexions' and 200 Year Legacy
Entropy 2025, 27(5), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050502 (PDF) nih.gov
Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > (PDF)*Figs

Sadi Carnot's Legacy 1824-2024 Presentations (All>PPT>Updated PDF &PPT)
at International Colloquium (PolyTechnique.edu) (1drv): →Photo; → R.T.Vidéo
Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Challenges by Milivoje Kostic (Northern Illinois University): PPT →Vidéo
Follow-up: Internal energy quality - Reversible equivalency (PDF)
Also, Prof. Kostic's presentation at ENSIC:
"Ubiquity of Heat and Entropy: From Sadi Carnot's 'Reflexions' to Challenges of the Second Law of Thermodynamics" at Université de Lorraine (ENSIC), Nancy, France: PPT >Updated)→Vidéo/Nancy & Q1Aya etc.
***
See also: 2LT * Selected Presentations and Proofs of the Fundamental Laws * Carnot Cycle Efficiency is Fundamentally Misplaced
Foundations and Ubiquity of Classical Thermodynamics (2020) *IS*Sin*Ražanj*

* http://Carnot.MKostic.com *

Prof. Kostic's presentation "2024 'Key Reflections' on the 1824 Sadi Carnot's 'Réflexions' " at
CARNOT LILLE 2024 International Colloquium Carnot 1824-2024, University of Lille, Lille, France, 11-13 September 2024 (Presentation accepted but withdrawn by author due to attendance disagreement. See Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF nih.gov

Prof. Kostic was invited and presented a 45-min Plenary lecture (Updated PDF &PPT)
at Sadi Carnot's Legacy 2024 International Colloquium (PolyTechnique.edu) at École polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, 16-18 September 2024 (1drv*Old): PPTs →Photo; → R.T.Vidéo
Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Challenges by Milivoje Kostic (Northern Illinois University): PPT>Updated →Vidéo
Follow-up: Internal energy quality - Reversible equivalency (PDF)
and
Prof. Kostic was invited and presented "Ubiquity of Heat and Entropy: From Sadi Carnot's 'Reflexions' to Challenges of the Second Law of Thermodynamics" at Université de Lorraine (ENSIC), Nancy, France, 19-21 September 2024 (PPT & PDF): PPT>Updated →Vidéo/Nancy & Q1Aya etc.

NEW Proofs of the Fundamental Laws: Reasoning and Logical Proofs of the Fundamental Laws: “No Hope” for the Challengers of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by Milivoje Kostic. Entropy 2023, 25(7), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25071106 * Chapters 5 & 6 are devoted to Sadi Carnot's work and contribution. Also: Reflections on the “Sadi Carnot’s Réflexions” [More here or Download PDF (39 pp.)] * Carnot Cycle Efficiency is Fundamentally Misplaced *

In Hindside 2024 - 1824 Carnot's "Reflexions"
GO TO "2024 Key Reflections” * see E200SCR * CL24 * SCL200
Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF nih.gov

Also, Proofs of the Fundamental Laws * Carnot Cycle Efficiency is Fundamentally Misplaced *

The 200th Sadi Carnot's Reflexions Anniversary (1824-2024):

Sadi Carnot, at age 28, published in 1824, now famous “Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire [1]).” Carnot’s reasoning of “heat engine reversible cycles and their maximum efficiency” is in many ways in par with Einstein’s relativity theory in modern times. It may be among the most important treatises in natural sciences.

No wonder that Sadi Carnot's masterpiece, regardless of flawed assumption, was not appreciated at his time, when his ingenious reasoning of ideal “heat engine reversible cycles” was not fully recognized, and may be truly comprehended by a few, even nowadays. We are often trapped in our own thoughts and words (especially if nonnative) and the subtle holistic meanings are to be read “between the lines.”

2024 'Key Reflections' on the 1824 Sadi Carnot’s 'Réflexions' and 200 Year Legacy

M. Kostic

Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF

2024 “Key Reflections” on the 1824 “Sadi Carnot’s Réflexions”: This author is not a philosopher nor historian of science, but an engineering thermodynamicist. In that regard and in addition to various philosophical “why & how” treatises and existing historical analyses, the physical and logical “what it is” reflections, as successive Key Points, where a key reasoning infers the next one, along with novel contributions and original generalizations, are presented. We need to keep in mind that in Sadi Carnot’s time (early 1800s) the steam engines were inefficient (below 5%, so the heat in and out were comparable within experimental uncertainty, as if caloric were conserved), the conservation of caloric flourished (might be a fortunate misconception leading to the critical analogy with the waterwheel), and many critical thermal-concepts, including the conservation of energy (The First Law) were not even established. If Clausius and Kelvin were "fathers of thermodynamics" then Sadi Carnot was the "grandfather" [Kostic, 2023 July 24], or better yet, Sadi Carnot was the "Forefather of Thermodynamics-to-become" [Kostic, 2023 October 29].

GO TO "2024 Key Reflections” Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF > E200SCR * CL24 * SCL200
* Carnot Cycle Efficiency is Fundamentally Misplaced

The Carnot-Clausius Equality (CCE), Qrev/T = constant (as named here in Carnot’s honor, to resound the integral Clausius equality, being its precursor), is much more important than what it appears at first. Actually, the “Carnot Equality” is probably the most important equation in Thermodynamics and among the most important equations in natural sciences. Carnot’s ingenious reasoning opened the way to the generalization of Thermodynamic reversibility and energy process-equivalency, definition of absolute thermodynamic temperature, and a new thermodynamic material property “Entropy”, as well as the Gibbs Free Energy, one of the most important Thermodynamic functions for the characterization of electro-chemical systems and their equilibriums, thus resulting in the formulation of the universal and far-reaching Second Law of thermodynamics [Kostic: 2008 & 2011 & 2014 & 2020 & 2023].

Note that Carnot erroneously assumed that the same caloric (heat) passes through the engine and extracts (produces) work by lowering its temperature, similar to how the same water flow passes through the water-wheel and produces work by lowering its elevation potential. This error (violating energy conservation), considering the knowledge at the time, in no way diminishes Carnot’s ingenious reasoning and conclusions about limiting, reversible processes and its accurate limitations of heat to work conversion [5].

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire * and Historic ASME Landmark
"Carnot stated that motive power is due to the fall of caloric (heat) from a hot to a cold body."

"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power" is a book/monograph published in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot,his only publication. The 65-page book's French title was Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance. It is a significant publication in the history of thermodynamics about a generalized theory of heat engines. ... Carnot stated that motive power is due to the fall of caloric (heat) from a hot to a cold body."

More at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot and & Kostic 2011:
Also: Sadi Carnot (1796 - 1832) - Biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics (st-andrews.ac.uk)

No wonder that Sadi Carnot’s “Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire),” original treatise published in 1824, was not noticed at his time, when his ingenious reasoning of ideal heat engine reversible cycles, is not fully recognized, and may be truly comprehended by a few, even nowadays (M. Kostic).

Carnot, S. Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat (English translation by R.H. Thurston), Accompanied by "An Account of Carnot's Theory" by Sir William Thompson (Lord Kelvin),

Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London 1897. (10158 KB, 196 pages large PDF file)

Hosted by Prof. M. Kostic at (no "www"): kostic.niu.edu/

Click (or Right-Click) on the above title-link or here to download the publication

<<<Click on picture (NOTE: www.kostic.niu.edu CHANGED TO www.niu.edu/kostic)...

Sadi Carnot (1824) laid ingenious foundations for the Second Law of Thermodynamics and discovery of Entropy before the First Law of energy conservation was even known (Joule, 1843), and long before thermodynamic concepts were established in the second half of the nineteenth century. In historical context, it is hard to comprehend now, how Carnot then, at age 28, ingeniously and fully explained the critical concepts of reversible thermo-mechanical processes and the limits of converting heat to work at inception of the heat engines’ era, when nature of heat was not fully understood. No wonder that Sadi Carnot’s “Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire [4]),” original treatise published in 1824, was not noticed at his time, when his ingenious reasoning of ideal heat engine reversible cycles, is not fully recognized, and may be truly comprehended by a few, even nowadays.

In 2024 it will be the 200-Year "Réflexions" Anniversary

of "Sady Carnot's famous Reflections" published in 1824:
I consider Sadi Carnot to be the “forefather of thermodynamics-to-become”, and Kelvin and Clausius as the “fathers of thermodynamics”.- M. Kostic * *
CLICK on the right side: "▼ (down-arrow)" to expend, or "▲ (up-arrow)" to collapse extra text

Elusive Nature of Entropy, Nature of Thermal and Mechanical Energy Transfer and Reflections on the Caloric Theory and Thermal Energy.

"Nothing occurs locally, nor globally in the universe, without mass-energy exchange/conversion and entropy production.
It is crystal-clear (to me) that all confusions related to the far-reaching fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics, and especially the Second Law (Abstract & FULL paper), are due to the lack of their genuine and subtle comprehension." > Sadi Carnot's Reflections <*> Clausius Theory of Heat <*> Kelvin Theory of Heat <

More at "2024 Key Reflections” Feb.2024 First-Version: PrePrintsV1>Dec.2024: V2.org >Jan.2025: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15787 > PDF
Back TO> http://Carnot.MKostic.com * [More here or Download PDF (39 pp.)]