Embedded Files
sleep apnea, mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and eating disorders, and orthopedic problems (Krebs et al., 2011; U.S. Department ofAgriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). When parents do not have knowledge of nutrition, do not monitor snacks or meals, and have unstructured meals, habits are established that lead to obesity. FIGURE6.9 MyPyramid for kids. Eat foods from each color every day; choose more foods from the food groups with the wider stripes. (From U.S. Department of Agriculture [2005]. My pyramid for kids. Retrieved March 21, 2011, from http://teamnutrition.usda.gov/Resources/mpk_poster2.pdf) Preventing obesity in childhood is important because the fat cells of childhood are carried into adulthood obesity and contribute to disease. Due to the risk of obesity, encourage parents to never use food as a reward. To prevent obesity, establish regular mealtimes and offer healthy foods and snacks. Encourage parents to praise their child’s good food choices and to role model appropriate eating and exercise. Regarding Lawrence Jones, what questions should you ask Lawrence’s mother related to nutritional intake? What anticipatory guidance related to nutrition would be appropriate? Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest The number of hours of sleep required for growth and development decreases with age. Children between the ages of 6 and 8 years require about 12 hours of sleep per night, children between 8 and 10 years of age require 10 to 12 hours of sleep per night, and children between 10 and 12 years of age need 9 to 10 hours of sleep per night. Young school-age children may need an occasional brief nap for an energy boost after being in school for most of the day. Bedtime rituals and consistent schedules continue to be important throughout the school-age years. Parents must facilitate the bedtime schedule and quiet time before bed. Bedtime is a special time for parents and children to read together, listen to stories or soothing music, share events of the day, and exchange expressions of affection (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2007a). Children should have bedtime expectations as well as wake-up times and methods for waking up (alarm, calling by parent, and so forth). Night terrors or sleepwalking may occur in 6- to 8-year-olds but should be resolved between the ages of 8 and 10 years. In the older school-age child (11 to 12 years), encourage parents to allow a variation in the sleep schedule on the weekends and a regular schedule on weekdays. Provide anticipatory guidance to Lawrence Jones’s mother in relation to proper sleep for her 10-year-old son. Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Dental caries remains a leading chronic disease in the United States (CDC, 2010a; Peterson-Sweeney & Stevens, 2010). The incidence declined from the 1970s to the early 1990s, mostly due to the introduction of fluoride (National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 2008). Since then there has been a small but significant increase in the incidence of dental caries. Recent statistics show that 51% of children between the ages of 6 and 11 have dental caries in their primary teeth and 21% have dental caries in their permanent teeth (NationalInstitutes of Dental and CraniofacialResearch, NationalInstitutes of Health, 2008). Dental care with emphasis on prevention of caries is important in this age group. School-age children need to brush their teeth two to three times per day for 2 to 3 minutes each time with fluorinated toothpaste (Nield, Stenger, & Kamat, 2007) (Fig. 6.10). Parents should replace the toothbrush (soft) every 3 to 4 months (Peterson-Sweeney & Stevens, 2010). Flossing the teeth at least once daily is recommended along with limiting the intake of sugar to aid in the prevention of cavities and improved oral health (Nield et al., 2007). Parents must monitor teeth brushing, observe for abnormal alignment of their child’s teeth, and schedule regular dental examinations every 6 months to ensure good dental health and prevent dental problems. Children may need help with brushing teeth until they are between 7 and 10 years of age. FIGURE6.10 Using correct technique to brush the teeth is important in the prevention of cavities. Dental sealants are recommended for all school-age children (CDC, 2010a). The sealant is a plastic coating applied to biting surfaces to seal out tooth decay on permanent back teeth. In addition, parents should give a fluoride supplement (as directed by the dentist) to their children if fluoride is not in the town’s water supply (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2008). The schoolage child should have an established dental home; if not, provide appropriate resources to establish one (Hagan, Shaw, & Duncan, 2008). Sometimes dental care is not considered to be important by parents of young children because the primary teeth will be replaced by permanent teeth. This perception leads to complications of permanent teeth such as malocclusion, a condition in which the teeth are crowded, crooked, or misaligned (see Healthy People 2020). HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 Healthy People Objectives based on data from healthypeople.gov. Proper alignment of teeth is important to tooth formation, speech development, and physical appeara Effect of the Evidence-Based Pediatric Fever Management Training given to Nursing Students Ahmet
Google Sites
Report abuse