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cultural beliefs or practices, and social behavior) or research employing survey, interview, oral history, focus group, program evaluation, human factors evaluation or quality assurance methodologies when the research does not qualify for center-level review. ƒ Research on drugs or devices for which an investigational device exemption is not required. o Center-level review. In certain circumstances, the center representative can approve a study, without further review, if the study poses only minimal risk to the child. The categories for center level review are: ƒ Research conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings, involving normal educational practices, such as (i) research on regular and special education instructional strategies, or (ii) research on the effectiveness of or the comparison among instructional techniques, curricula, or classroom management methods. ƒ Research involving the use of educational tests (cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude, achievement), or observation of public behavior, unless: (i) information obtained is recorded in such a manner that human subjects can be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the subjects; and (ii) any disclosure of the human subjects' responses outside the research could reasonably place the subjects at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects' financial standing, employability, or reputation. ƒ Research involving watching public behavior of children, where the investigator does not take part in the activities, can be reviewed at the center level. (Note: surveys or interviews cannot be center-level reviewed.) ƒ Research involving the collection or study of existing data, documents, records, pathological specimens, or diagnostic specimens, if these sources are publicly available or if the information is recorded by the investigator in such a manner that subjects cannot be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the subjects. ƒ Research and demonstration projects which are conducted by or subject to the approval of Department or Agency heads, and which are designed to study, evaluate, or otherwise examine: (i) Public benefit or service programs; (ii) procedures for obtaining benefits or services under those programs; (iii) possible changes in or alternatives to those programs or procedures; or (iv) possible changes in methods or levels of payment for benefits or services under those programs. ƒ Taste and food quality evaluation and consumer acceptance studies, (i) if wholesome foods without additives are consumed or (ii) if a food is consumed that contains a food ingredient at or below the level and for a use found to be safe, or agricultural chemical or environmental contaminant at or below the level found to be safe, by the Food and Drug Administration or approved by the Environmental Protection Agency or the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Reminder to researchers on reporting child abuse and neglect. The IRB assumes that if a researcher has reason to believe that a minor is abused or neglected, the researcher is required to report this suspicion to Child Protective Services. Accordingly, this constitutes a risk to the parents, who may be perpetuators of abuse. This must be disclosed on the informed consent. This publication is intended for professionals training or practicing in mental health and not for the general public. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Editor or IACAPAP. This publication seeks to describe the best treatments and practices based on the scientific evidence available at the time of writing as evaluated by the authors and may change as a result of new research. Readers need to apply this knowledge to patients in accordance with the guidelines and laws of their country of practice. Some medications may not be available in some countries and readers should consult the specific drug information since not all dosages and unwanted effects are mentioned. Organizations, publications and websites are cited or linked to illustrate issues or as a source of further information. This does not mean that authors, the Editor or IACAPAP endorse their content or recommendations, which should be critically assessed by the reader. Websites may also change or cease to exist. ©IACAPAP 2018. This is an open-access publication under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License. Use, distribution and reproduction in any medium are allowed without prior permission provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. Send comments about this book or chapter to jmreyATbigpond.net.au Suggested citation: Rapee RM. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Nature, development, treatment and prevention. In Rey JM (ed), IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions 2018. Ronald M Rapee PhD Professor, Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Conflict of interest: receiving royalties from the book, Helping your Anxious Child: A Step by Step Guide for Parents. Proceeds from sales of the Cool Kids program go to the Centre for Emotional Health at Macquarie University to assist research and
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