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holistic nursing uses the bio-psycho-social-spiritual model to take into consideration the whole being of a patient. In holistic nursing disease and illness have an impact on the four bio-psycho-social-spiritual model and contribute to the patient’s symptoms, method of treatment and healing. This theory shows how the four components have the ability to be interdependent and interrelating. The theory acknowledges that the patients are more than just the disease or illness. It uses the theory that caring for a patient requires the consideration of body, mind spirit and soul. It is caring for the whole self of the patient through traditional and alternative approaches to achieving holism and optimal quality of life (Montgomery, et al, 2004). 2.1.3 Spirituality and Healing The interest in spirituality has really increased recently and has resulted in the publication or related literature. According to Miner, Williams (2006), survey indicates that more than 90% of people believe in a higher being. In times of difficult times such as illness or difficult life circumstances, patients have a tendency to re-evaluate what in their life brings meaning or purpose and a sense of importance and often spiritual ave- 13 | P a g e nues provide comfort (Baldacchino 2006) As patients population are desiring the need of spiritual care, nurses need to understand the nature and importance of spirituality and the need to provide spiritual care. Unfortunately the nurses of today lack the knowledge and education on spirituality due to the indefinite or indistinct nature of spirituality and lack of education and guidance on how to give spiritual care. (Grant 2004). It is therefore important for the nurses today to understand the concepts of spirituality in order to offer the essence of holistic nursing (Baldacchino, 2006) Spirituality and healing are defined as a critical component of an individual wholeness that is carried out throughout their lives. Spirituality is unique for every individual. To some people spirituality is expressed as a religion and involves particular rituals and behaviors unique to their practice. Spiritual beliefs provide meaning and directions to some people’s lives. To others spirituality has a broader meaning than religion and cannot be defined by a mere action. Blonna (2007) defines spirituality as a “belief in a relationship with a higher power, creative force, divine being or infinite source of energy” (p101). Holistic nurses believe in the effectiveness of spiritual care and use spiritual interventions in situations when patients experienced serious of complex emotional situations. When spiritual care is given, patients may experience inner peace, physical relaxation and a decrease in physical pain (Grant. 2004) Figure 1 Holistic nursing 14 | P a g e 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is used to describe, support and provide answers to the research questions, in this case to understand the concept of holistic nursing Katie Eriksson’s theory of caritative caring and the Bio-psycho-spiritual model will be used to explain the concept of holistic nursing. 3.1 Katie Eriksson’s Theory of Caritative Caring According to the fundamental assumptions of caring science, caring is basically seen as natural and inherent. Katie Eriksson caritative caring theory was developed from the art of caring science. (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey, 2010). Eriksson recognize human being as an entity of body, soul and spirit. She further stated that we human beings depend on one another, and relationship where we can give and receive love, experience faith and hope and also know that we exits and have a meaning for our existence. Human being in term of caring according to Katie Eriksson become a patient in content to a suffering human being. A suffering patient will want to acknowledge that he or she is suffering and also need the time and space to accept this fact because suffering can from one person to another (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). What motivates nursing to care is love and charity or caritas. According to Eriksson it is the inner most core of nursing and a goal to care. Caring seen as something real and true, the care relationship between nurses and patient according to Eriksson is seen as an open invitation which is strong and always welcoming. Playing and learning in spirit of love and faith and hope is also seen to the basic of caring (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Caring is more like a relationship between nurses and patients and caring can exists in different categories. True communion and the awareness for the unique human being are central and important in caritative caring, and it also implies creating possibility for others. (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Basic Assumptions of Eriksson’s Theory (Alligood & Tomey, 2010 p. 197.). 15 | P a g e 1. The human being is fundamentally an entity of body, soul, and spirit. 2. The human being is fundamentally a religious being, but all human beings have not recognized this dimension. 3. The human being is fundamentally holy. Human dignity means accepting the human obligation of serving with love, of existing for the sake of others. 4. Health means a movement in becoming, being and doing, and striving for integrity and holiness which is compatible with bearable suffering. 5. The basic category of caring is suffering. 6. The basic motive of caring is the caritas motive. 7. Caring implies alleviating suffering in charity, love,
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