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infants. Additional nursing research in this area (discussed in Chapter 22) has provided further substantiation about the importance of this original investigation. Evidence-based practice requires ongoing research to substantiate current actions as well as to provide guidelines for future actions. Some examples of current questions that warrant nursing investigation in the area of maternal and child health nursing include the following: 6 UNIT 1 Maternal and Child Health Nursing Practice BOX 1.3 American Nurses Association/Society of Pediatric Nurses Standards of Care and Professional Performance Standards of Care Comprehensive pediatric nursing care focuses on helping children and their families and communities achieve their optimum health potentials. This is best achieved within the framework of family-centered care and the nursing process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary care coordinated across health care and community settings. Standard I: Assessment The pediatric nurse collects patient health data. Standard II: Diagnosis The pediatric nurse analyzes the assessment data in determining diagnoses. Standard III: Outcome Identification The pediatric nurse identifies expected outcomes individualized to the child and the family. Standard IV: Planning The pediatric nurse develops a plan of care that prescribes interventions to obtain expected outcomes. Standard V: Implementation The pediatric nurse implements the interventions identified in the plan of care. Standard VI: Evaluation The pediatric nurse evaluates the child’s and family’s progress toward attainment of outcomes. Standards of Professional Performance Standard I: Quality of Care The pediatric nurse systematically evaluates the quality and effectiveness of pediatric nursing practice. Standard II: Performance Appraisal The pediatric nurse evaluates his or her own nursing practice in relation to professional practice standards and relevant statutes and regulations. Standard III: Education The pediatric nurse acquires and maintains current knowledge and competency in pediatric nursing practice. Standard IV: Collegiality The pediatric nurse interacts with and contributes to the professional development of peers, colleagues, and other health care providers. Standard V: Ethics The pediatric nurse’s assessment, actions, and recommendations on behalf of children and their families are determined in an ethical manner. Standard VI: Collaboration The pediatric nurse collaborates with the child, family, and other health care providers in providing client care. Standard VII: Research The pediatric nurse contributes to nursing and pediatric health care through the use of research methods and findings. Standard VIII: Resource Utilization The pediatric nurse considers factors related to safety, effectiveness, and cost in planning and delivering patient care. American Nurses Association and Society of Pediatric Nurses. (2003). Scope and standards of pediatric clinical practice. Washington, D.C.: American Nurses Publishing House. • What is the most effective stimulus to encourage women to come for prenatal care or parents to bring children for health maintenance care? • How can nurses be instrumental in fostering diversity in care? • What are the special needs of women who are discharged from a hospital or birthing center within a short time after childbirth? Of children, after ambulatory surgery? • How much self-care should young children be expected (or encouraged) to provide during an illness? • What is the effect of market-driven health care on the quality of nursing care? • What active measures can nurses take to reduce the incidence of child or intimate partner abuse? • How can nurses best help families cope with the stress of long-term health care? • What are the long-term effects of violence on families, and how can nurses help modify these effects? • How can nurses be active in helping prevent violence in communities? CHAPTER 1 A Framework for Maternal and Child Health Nursing 7 TABLE 1.1 Definitions and Examples of Phases of Health Care Term Definition Examples Health promotion Health maintenance Health restoration Health rehabilitation Educating clients to be aware of good health through teaching and role modeling Intervening to maintain health when risk of illness is present Promptly diagnosing and treating illness using interventions that will return client to wellness most rapidly Preventing further complications from an illness; bringing ill client back to optimal state of wellness or helping client to accept inevitable death Teaching women the importance of rubella immunization before pregnancy; teaching children the importance of safer sex practices Encouraging women to come for prenatal care; teaching parents the importance of safeguarding their home by childproofing it against poisoning Caring for a woman during a complication of pregnancy or a child during an acute illness Encouraging a woman with gestational trophoblastic disease to continue therapy or a child with a renal transplant to continue to take necessary medications BOX 1.4 Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses Standards and Guidelines Standards of Professional Performance Standard I: Quality of Care The nurse systematically evaluates the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice. Standard II:
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