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faith, and hope. Natural basic caring is expressed through tending, playing, and teaching in a sustained caring relationship. 8. Caring relationship forms the meaningful context of caring and derives its origin from the ethos of love, responsibility, and sacrifice, that is, a caritative ethic. (Alligood & Tomey, 2010 p. 197) 3.2 Bio-psycho-social-spiritual model The bio-psycho-social-spiritual model has been reviewed to better understand the concept of holism. In this model the biological, psychological, social and spiritual connecting to a patient are looked and put into consideration when treating a patient. This model makes it possible for us to learn more about patient’s symptoms and disease that influence the variety of manifestations that occur in each patient (Dossey 1995). The biological system deals with the anatomical, structural and molecular substance of disease and the effects on the patient's biological functioning, the psychological system handle the effects of psychodynamic factors such as motivation and personality on the experience of and reaction to illness. The social system examines the cultural, environmental and family influence on the experience of the illness. The four concepts are unique and interconnected, and regardless of the cause of disease, they need to be combined in order to obtain or aim for optimal healing (Dossey, 2005). 16 | P a g e Figure 2 Biopsychosocial Model The biopsychosocial model provides a conceptual framework for dealing with ill patients and as a reminder that there may be important issues beyond the purely biological. This model healing is not, as it is often characterized, as "making whole." Rather, healing, in its most basic sense, means the restoration of right relationships. What genuinely holistic health care means is a system of health care that attends to all of the disturbed relationships of the ill person as a whole, restoring those that can be restored, even if the person is not thereby completely restored to perfect wholeness. A holistic approach to healing means that the correction of the physiological disturbances and the restoration of the body interior is only the beginning of the task. Holistic healing requires attention to the psychological, social, and spiritual disturbances as well (Hatala, Andrew, 2012). 17 | P a g e 4 AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS The aim of this study is to explore what is found in literature reviews on nurses’ view on holistic nursing and also to describe the challenges nurses encounter in holistic nursing. This study will seek an answer to the following research questions 1. What are nurses view on holistic nursing 2. What are the challenges in holistic nursing practice 5 METHODOLOGY Qualitative approach is applied by inductive content analysis to review the literature. A literature review has been used for this study, which assists the researchers to get a clear knowledge about the area of study. Inductive reasoning was used to look and seek results to our research questions and to draw conclusion based on our research and results. The information about understanding holistic care was collected from pre-existing scientific articles which were used to answer our research questions. The research questions were used as a guide in the study and the main aim was to find answers to the research questions in the review. 5.1 Data collection Arcada University of Applied Science Nelli-Portal database was accessed and a number of databases were searched for pre-existing articles full text literatures, published academic journals, web pages and published books were used. The following databases were of importance and were used by the authors: Academic Search Elite (EBSCO), Cinahl (EBSCO), PubMed and Sciences Direct. First search the authors was conducted in “Academic Search Elite (EBSCO)”. The first search was conducted using the Boolean phrase: “holistic nursing AND “challenges” also “holistic nursing” AND nurses view or perception or experiences”. Based on the 18 | P a g e fact that new knowledge is need for the research work, and more recent findings is more applicable to today’s situations the search result were limited by choosing articles from 2000 which decreased the number of hits. Same process stated above was used for CINAHL (EBSCO). After reading through the titles and the abstracts of selected articles, the pre inclusion criteria were to what extent these article’s abstracts were related to formulated research questions and to what extent they shared the same keywords as the research questions included. The articles which did not meet these conditions were excluded resulting in articles for further studies and investigations. Criteria for selecting article, can be found in table 1 below. The second search was conducted using the Boolean phrase with PubMed database. In PubMed database the advanced search was used with the following search words with followed fields which are shown in brackets: “holistic nursing [Title/Abstract]) AND “challenges [Title/Abstract]) AND holistic nursing AND “nurses view [Tit le/Abstract]” same criterial was set In the third search the advanced search of “Science Direct” was used. Searching for phrases “holistic nursing ”and“ challenges” in “TITLE ABSTRKEY” was conducted while refining search results with choosing“ Journals and All” options and limiting of time period to “ 2000 till present. Finally, over 50
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