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How will this trend influence childrearing in the future? 4. Examine the National Health Goals related to maternal, newborn, and child health. Most governmentsponsored money for nursing research is allotted based on these goals. What would be a possible research topic to explore, pertinent to these goals, that would be applicable to the Chung family and would also advance evidence-based practice? Gramling, L., Hickman, K., & Bennett, S. (2004). What makes a good family-centered partnership between women and their practitioners? Birth, 31(1):43–48. Who is breast-feeding? Recent trends from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System. Journal of Pediatrics, 142(5), 486–491. Callister, L. C. (2003). Toward evidence-based practice: U.S. trends in obstetric procedures, 1990–2000. MCN: American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 28(1), 52. Foster, J. (2004). Fatherhood and the meaning of children: An ethnographic study among Puerto Rican partners of adolescent mothers. 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Qualitative Health Research, 14(5), 644–662 Family Centered Pediatric Nursing Care: State of the Science Tondi M. Harrison, PhD, RN Family centered care (FCC) has been adopted as a philosophy of care for pediatric nursing (American Nurses Association and Society of Pediatric Nurses, 2003; Lewandowski & Tesler, 2003). Providing FCC means that the clinician incorporates into caregiving the knowledge and conviction that family is the constant in children’s lives, children are affected by and affect those with whom they have relationships, and, by including families in care processes, children will receive higher quality care. Formally adopting FCC as the philosophy of care for pediatric nursing serves to provide a framework for pediatric nurses to take on the responsibility and the goal to care for infants and children in ways that not only support and promote physical health but that support and promote the healthy emotional and psychological development that occurs in the context of the family (Blake, 1954; Knafl, Cavallari, & Dixon, 1988). The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of pediatric nursing research related to FCC and to propose directions for future study. Other specialties within nursing, as well as other health care disciplines, have adopted a family centered approach to providing care. Examination of possible similarities and differences in the perspectives toward and approaches to studying FCC among other groups is beyond the scope of this paper. Background Historically, hospitalized children in the early half of the twentieth century were cared for exclusively by health professionals and visitation by parents was either extremely restricted (Frank, 1952) or completely prohibited (Alsop-Shields & Mohay, 2001). Attitudes and practice began to change in the 1950s and 1960s largely due to the work of Bowlby (1953), who demonstrated serious emotional, psychological, and developmental consequences of separation between mother and child, and to the work of Robertson (1958), who focused specifically on direct observations of hospitalized children, documenting child behavior changes associated with separation from the mother. As a result of their work, attitudes began to change and articles appeared in the nursing literature advocating not only increased visiting hours, but allowing the mother to room-in with her child (Frank, 1952; Hohle, 1957; Morgan & Lloyd, 1955). These changes in practice and policy were supported and made more compelling with the publication of seminal research demonstrating that hospitalized toddlers cared for in institutions allowing mothers to room-in were significantly less likely to experience serious emotional and behavioral problems after discharge when compared with toddlers cared for in institutions with restricted visitation (Fagin, 1966). Although the focus of Fagin’s study was limited to effects of the mother’s presence, she concluded that changes in the roles and attitudes of nurses when a child was hospitalized were needed with the goal of “encouraging the mother to become a participant in the hospital experience” (Fagin, p. 69). Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Tondi M. Harrison, PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-160 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, telephone: 612.625.1497, fax: 612.626.6606, harr1179@umn.edu. 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