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medical model which looks at disease and not the person. One aspect of holistic nursing is the relationship with the patient. To respond to the patient's psychological emotional and spiritual needs is challenging. A holistic nurse must ask themselves to what extent are they willing to get involved? However nurses are not mindful of this tension which can be risky for the insecure. The nurse would feel threatened and adopt defensive and fail to meet the patient's needs hence holistic needs will not be meet. Holistic nurse should be trained to know that every engagement with a patient is a unique encounter. Holistic nursing includes both the modern and alternative treatment methods. Natural mild alternative are used when it is a guarantee that it is a safe and secure treatment. Patients are not just biological organisms but a multidimensional entity with a body, mind, soul and spirit. All the elements interact and affect one another. Therefore health is a state of balance between these elements which require harmonising. For a person to be healthy it requires self-awareness, personal happiness and self-actualization. There is still room for more scientific research which would help demonstrates the above and if holistic nursing is practised in Finland. The authors have tried to the best of knowledge to analysis holistic nursing which is a broad topic in nursing field. It is possible that all 21 articles review during this research 41 | P a g e work does not give enough information needed for the research questions. More studies and recourses are suggested for further studies Nurse Healer Objectives Theoretical ■ Understand the current use and nonuse of nursing theory in the discipline. ■ Describe the elements of holistic nursing and explain why the use of theory is one of the elements. ■ Familiarize oneself with the following established nursing theories: Nightingale’s Theory of Environmental Adaptation; Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain’s Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory; Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring; Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings; Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness; and Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming. ■ Identify the use of midrange theories as supportive of holistic nursing practice, particularly Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort. ■ Identify how nonnursing theoretical perspectives, Complexity Theory, and Integral Theory can support holistic nursing thinking. ■ Appreciate the Theory of Integral Nursing as a consequence of nursing’s examination and exploration of new ideas. Clinical ■ Apply the nursing theories and a theoretical perspective in the clinical setting. ■ Determine how theory can influence nursing care and the evaluation of that care. Personal ■ Select a nursing theory or theories that provide a framework and philosophy consistent with your own view. ■ Use the theory or theories and evaluate their effect on your personal worldview. Definitions Concept: An abstract idea or notion. Conceptual model: A group of interrelated concepts described to suggest relationships among them. Framework: A basic structure; the context in which theory is developed; the structure that permits theory to be understood. Grand theory: A theory that covers a broad area of the discipline’s concerns. Metaparadigm: Concepts that identify the domain of a discipline. Metatheory: Theory about theory development; theory about theory. Midrange theory: A focused theory for nursing that deals with a portion of nurses’ concerns or that is oriented to patient outcomes. Model: A representation of interactions between and among concepts. Nursing theory: A framework; a set of interrelated concepts that are testable; a way of Nursing Theory in Holistic Nursing Practice Noreen Cavan Frisch and Pamela Potter 111 CHAPTER 5 9781284082463_CH05_PASS02.indd 111 25/02/15 6:08 pm seeing the factors that contribute to nursing practice and nursing thought. Worldview: A perspective; a way of viewing, perceiving, and interpreting one’s experience. Nursing Theory: Background and Current Challenges By definition and by history, nursing is a holistic practice. Nursing’s work is concerned with the restoration and promotion of health, the prevention of disease, and the supports necessary to help the client gain a subjective sense of peace and harmony. As a profession, nursing has never focused solely on the physical body or the disease entity. Rather, taking into account the holistic nature of all persons, nursing is concerned with clients’ experiences of their conditions. In addition, nurses attend to the environmental influences that promote recovery as well as the social and spiritual supports that promote a sense of well-being for clients. Nurses have found that nursing theories help to articulate the nature of nursing practice and guide nursing interventions to meet client needs. Nursing Theory Defined A nursing theory is a framework from which professional nurses can think about their work. Theory is a means of interpreting one’s observations of the world and is an abstraction of reality. For example, most nurses have studied developmental theory, which provides a framework for viewing the childhood behaviors expected with various ages and phases of child growth. Consequently, when nurses observe a toddler crying when his mother must leave him alone with nurses in the hospital,
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