1 What is sustainable development?
It is a development model that meets the needs of the present while ensuring the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2 What are the three aspects of sustainable development?
(1) Economic development
(2) Social development
(3) Environmental protection
4 What is sustainable social development?
Providing (1) stability, (2) fairness, and (3) progressive development.
5 What measures has the Hong Kong government implemented to promote sustainable fisheries development?
(1) Implementing fishing moratoriums
(2) Banning destructive fishing methods
(3) Implementing artificial reef programs
(4) Releasing fish fry
6 What are examples of destructive fishing methods?
(1) Electric shocks
(2) Dynamite fishing
(3) Using toxic substances
(4) Trawling
6 What is the rationale behind banning destructive fishing methods?
They kill non-target organisms.
7 What is the purpose of artificial reefs?
(1) To provide surfaces for coral and algae to attach to
(2) To attract fish to inhabit the area
8 What conditions do artificial reefs provide for fish?
(1) Food (algae, microorganisms, fish)
(2) Shelter
(3) Protection (some corals are toxic and prevent other organisms from approaching)
9 What are the requirements for materials used in artificial reefs? Provide examples.
Requirements:
(1) Durable (low wear and tear)
(2) Harmless to marine organisms
(3) Complex structures (providing a porous environment)
Examples:
(1) Tires
(2) Concrete blocks
(3) Metal objects
(4) Sunken ships
10 What is the focus of sustainable agricultural development?
Effectively using renewable resources to produce crops and animal products while improving the quality of life for farmers and the general population (e.g., healthier agricultural products).
11 What is compost?
It is organic fertilizer.
12 How is compost processed?
(1) Agricultural waste (manure and plant waste) and household food waste are collected.
(2) In an aerobic environment, organic materials are decomposed by bacteria.
(3) They are converted into nutrients (inorganic salts) that plants can absorb.
13 What are the benefits of using organic fertilizer besides its use as fertilizer?
(1) Acts as humus, improving soil water retention.
(2) Recycles waste, reducing pollution problems.
14 What are two strategies for organic pest control?
(1) Biological control
(2) Organic pesticides
15 What is biological control?
Using natural enemies of pests to kill targeted pests.
16 What precautions should be taken when introducing foreign species for biological control?
The introduced species should target only the pests; otherwise, it may disrupt the ecological balance.
17 What are organic pesticides?
Chemicals extracted from plants that kill various pests and fungi without harming crops.
18 What are examples of organic pesticides?
(1) Rotenone
(2) Matrine
(3) Mineral oil
19 What is crop rotation?
Planting different crops on the same farmland in different seasons or years.
20 What are the benefits of crop rotation?
(1) Maintains soil fertility for extended periods (as different crops require different nutrients).
(2) Effectively controls pest populations (different pests feed on different crops).
- Crop rotation can interrupt the life cycle of certain pests.
(3) Increases soil fertility.
- By planting legumes.
21 How does crop rotation increase soil fertility?
(1) By planting legumes.
(2) Root nodules in legumes contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
(3) These bacteria convert nitrogen from the air into ammonium compounds.
(4) Plants can absorb ammonium compounds.
22 What are the four main strategies for controlling pollution?
(1) Reduce usage (REDUCE)
(2) Reuse (REUSE)
(3) Recycle (RECYCLE)
(4) Replace (REPLACE)
Known as the "4R Principle."
23 What are the three main sources of air pollution in Hong Kong?
(1) Vehicles
(2) Power plants
(3) Factories burning fossil fuels
24 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to reduce air pollution?
(1) Reducing energy consumption
(2) Regulating emissions
(3) Addressing regional photochemical smog issues
25 How does reducing energy consumption improve air pollution?
Using less fossil fuel reduces carbon dioxide emissions, effectively decreasing the release of air pollutants and mitigating global warming.
26 What is the Energy Efficiency Labeling Scheme?
A program that grades electrical appliances based on their energy efficiency to encourage the public to choose more energy-efficient appliances.
27 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to regulate emissions?
(1) Reducing air pollutant emissions:
- Tightening sulfur content standards in vehicle fuels.
- Installing emission reduction facilities in power plants.
- Installing particle filters and catalytic converters in diesel vehicles.
- The "Idling Engine Off" campaign.
(2) Using alternative energy sources instead of coal and diesel:
- Switching power plants to natural gas.
- Encouraging energy companies to explore alternative energy sources.
- Promoting LPG-powered public minibuses and taxis instead of diesel vehicles.
- Advocating electric vehicles.
28 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to address regional photochemical smog issues?
(1) Establishing a Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network with Guangdong Province.
(2) Implementing various emission reduction measures.
29 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to control water pollution?
(1) Reducing wastewater discharge.
(2) Wastewater treatment.
30 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to reduce wastewater discharge?
(1) Setting factory wastewater discharge standards to control pollutants at the source.
(2) Imposing sewage charges.
31 What are the three levels of wastewater treatment, and what do they address?
(1) Primary treatment: Removes insoluble solid waste.
(2) Secondary treatment: Converts organic matter into inorganic salts.
(3) Tertiary treatment: Advanced treatment for specific pollutants.
32 What is the general process for primary wastewater treatment?
(1) Screening: Removes large debris like sand.
(2) Sedimentation: Suspended solids settle, forming sludge.
- Note: Sludge is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, producing methane.
33 What is the general process for secondary wastewater treatment?
(1) Oxygen is added to the remaining liquid after sedimentation.
(2) Microorganisms act as decomposers, breaking down organic matter into harmless inorganic substances.
34 How does untreated wastewater discharged into rivers or seawater affect ecological balance?
High concentrations of inorganic salts can cause algae to proliferate rapidly, leading to red tides.
35 What are the general strategies for treating solid waste?
(1) Landfilling
(2) Incineration
36 What problems can arise from using landfills to treat solid waste?
Environmental pollution, especially contamination of groundwater.
37 What problems can arise from incinerating solid waste?
It may release harmful gases (depending on how waste is handled).
38 What is conservation?
Maintaining biodiversity and the quality of the natural environment.
39 What is the importance of maintaining biodiversity?
(1) Ecological:
(a) Maintains ecological balance.
(b) Ensures species can adapt to environmental changes.
(2) Economic: Biodiversity supports industries like agriculture and medicine.
(3) Aesthetic: Natural beauty enhances quality of life.
(4) Ethical: Responsibility to protect other life forms.
40 Why does maintaining biodiversity ensure species can adapt to environmental changes?
A reduction in biodiversity decreases the number of genes in a species' gene pool.
With fewer genetic variations, future generations may lack the traits needed to adapt to environmental changes.
41 What are endangered species?
Species on the verge of extinction.
42 What measures can be taken to conserve endangered species?
(1) Legislation
(2) Captive breeding programs
(3) Public education
43 What laws exist in Hong Kong to protect endangered species?
(1) Prohibiting the hunting of wild animals.
(2) Prohibiting the feeding of wild animals.
(3) Prohibiting the destruction of plants in forests.
(4) Banning the sale or possession of protected wildlife or their parts (e.g., ivory).
44 What is captive breeding?
Raising endangered animals in controlled environments.
45 What are examples of endangered species in Hong Kong?
(1) Romer's tree frog
(2) Black-faced spoonbill
46 What protected species exist in Hong Kong?
(1) Chinese white dolphin
(2) Hong Kong cascade frog
(3) Swallowtail butterfly
(4) Coral
(5) Pitcher plant
(6) Nest fern
47 What measures has Hong Kong implemented to conserve habitats?
(1) Designating conservation areas
(2) Restoring damaged habitats
(3) Creating new habitats
48 What types of conservation areas has Hong Kong designated?
(1) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
(2) Country parks
(3) Marine parks
(4) Ramsar wetlands
49 What are the guidelines for Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)?
(1) No development projects allowed.
(2) Development plans around the area must consider conservation issues.
50 What is prohibited in country parks?
Collecting plants or animals.
51 What is prohibited in marine parks?
(1) Only licensed fishermen are allowed limited fishing.
(2) Removing any biological specimens (even dead ones).
52 What are Hong Kong's marine parks?
(1) Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park (rich in coral)
(2) Tung Ping Chau Marine Park (coral reefs and unique geology)
(3) Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park (Chinese white dolphins)
(4) Yan Chau Tong Marine Park (fish, mangroves, seagrass beds)
53 Which area in Hong Kong is designated as a Ramsar wetland?
Mai Po and Inner Deep Bay
54 What are examples of habitat restoration in Hong Kong?
(1) Afforestation:
(a) Slope reforestation
(b) Mangrove reforestation
(2) River channel restoration
(3) Rehabilitating closed landfills (e.g., Jordan Valley Park)
55 What are examples of creating new habitats in Hong Kong?
(1) Artificial wetlands (e.g., Hong Kong Wetland Park)
(2) Artificial reefs
56 What roles can individuals play in conservation? Provide six examples.
(1) Avoid polluting the environment.
(2) Do not capture wild animals or collect wild plants.
(3) Avoid participating in the trade of endangered species products.
(4) Follow the 4R principles in daily life.
(5) Participate in conservation activities such as tree planting and cleaning.
(6) Choose sustainably produced food (though it may currently be more expensive).
57 What are the pros and cons of using non-native species for afforestation?
Pros:
(1) Fast growth.
(2) More resistant to wildfires.
Cons:
(1) Cannot provide sufficient food for native wildlife.
(2) Reduces biodiversity.