1. What are the two transport systems in the human body?
(1) Circulatory system
(2) Lymphatic system
2. What are the 3 parts that compose of the circulatory system?
(1) blood
(2) blood vessels
(3) heart
3. What is the function of the heart?
As a pump, to push blood towards different parts of the body.
4. What are the two composition of blood?
(1) plasma
(2) blood cells
5. What are the 3 types of blood cells?
(1) red blood cells
(2) white blood cells
(3) blood platelets (in fact they are fragments of cells)
6. What are the composition of plasma?
(1) water
(2) dissolved substances, including nutrients, carbon dioxide (in form of carbonate ions), urea, hormones, antibodies, fibrinogens, plasma proteins)
(3) heat
7. What is the shape of red blood cell?
Biconcave shape
8. What are the shapes of white blood cells?
Lymphocytes are spherical in shape. Phagocytes are irregular in shape.
9. What is the shape of blood platelets?
Irregular
Note: blood platelets are in fact cell fragments
10. From large volume to small volume, arrange the blood cells in order.
White blood cell (phagocyte) > white blood cell (lymphocyte), red blood cell > blood platelets
11. Which kind blood cells can pass through the blood capillary wall?
Only phagocytes of white blood cells can.
12. Where is blood cells produced?
All bone marrow.
White blood cells in the spleen
13. What are the differences of the nucleus of red blood cells and that of white blood cells?
Mature red blood cells do not have nucleus
White blood cells: large and round or lobed shape.
14. Where are red blood cells broken down and how are they broken down?
They are broken down in the liver and the spleen.
After they are broken down, the haemoglobin will be broken down into iron and bile pigment.
Iron will be stored in the liver, the bile pigments will be released out of the body together with bile.
15. Where are blood platelets broken down?
Liver and spleen.
16. What is the function of red blood cell?
Carry haemoglobin that is used for transporting oxygen.
17. How can white blood cells protect the body from attacks by pathogens?
Phagocytes: Kill pathogens by phagocytosis
Lymphocytes: Kill pathogens by producing antibodies
18. What is the function of blood platelets and its significance?
Involved in blood clotting, which helps stop bleeding and prevent pathogens from entering through the wound.
19. What is the definition of artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
20. What is the definition of vein?
Blood vessels that carries blood towards the heart.
21. Which type of blood vessels has the greatest total surface area?
Blood capillaries
22. What is the characteristics of arteries?
(1) higher blood pressure (always higher when compared with the other types of blood vessels)
(2) Contains oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery and umbilical artery)
(3) locate deeper in the body
23. Compare the composition of arteries and veins.
Generally, arteries have
(1) more nutrients (except hepatic vein and umbilical vein)
(2) less metabolic wastes (except umbilical arteries)
(3) more oxygen (except pulmonary arteries)
24. Compare the structures of arteries and veins.
Arteries
(1) thicker wall (more muscle and elastic fibres)
(2) smaller lumens
(3) round in shape (usually irregular for veins)
(4) no valves (except for aorta)
25. List in descending order the blood pressure of different blood vessels.
Arteries à blood capillaries à veins
26. What is the function of the muscle layer of arteries?
Upon contraction of the muscle layer, the size of the lumen can be controlled, such that the amount of blood flowing to various parts of the body can be controlled.
27. What is the function of the elastic tissue of the arteries?
Allow the arteries to distend and recoil
(1) such that blood can always be flowing forward.
(2) so as to withstand high blood pressure
28. What helps blood flow in the vein?
(1) Contraction of skeletal muscles
(2) Valves prevent the back flow of blood
29. What are the adaptive features of the blood capillaries for material exchange?
(1) highly branched (large surface area)
(2) small lumen (can reduce the diffusion distance, increase the resistance to blood, slow down the speed of blood)
(3) thin wall with only one cell thick
(4) differentially permeable
30. What is the feature of cardiac muscles?
It can contract and relax continuously without fatigue.
31. What are the structures in the heart?
Pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valves, left ventricles, aorta, semi lunar valve, anterior vena cava, posterior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
Coronary artery, coronary vein, heart tendons, septum
32. What is the importance of the septum?
Separate the oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood of the left and right side of the heart.
33. What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
Prevent blood from flowing back from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
34. What is the function of tricuspid valve?
Prevent blood from flowing back from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
35. What are the adaptive features of the heart to pumping and pressurizing blood?
(1) The cardiac muscles can continuously contract and relax without fatigue
(2) The muscles of the ventricles are thicker than that of the atria.
(3) The muscles of the left ventricles is thicker than the muscles if the right ventricles
(4) has bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semi-lunar valve
(5) has heart tendons.
36. What is the circulatory system of the human body a ‘double circulation’?
When blood is transported throughout the body once, it has to pass along the heart twice.
37. When blood leave and go back to the liver, list the blood vessels and related organs involved in the shortest route.’
Liveràhepatic vein à vena cava à heart à pulmonary artery à lungs à pulmonary veinà heart à aorta à hepatic artery à lungs
38. Which blood vessels contains the most urea?
Hepatic vein (because urea is produced from liver)
39. Which blood vessel contains the highest amount of oxygen?
Pulmonary vein
40. Which blood vessel has both ends connected to blood capillaries?
Hepatic portal vein
41. Which blood vessel has the least amount of urea?
Renal vein
42. After flowing through the lungs, what will happen to the composition of blood?
The oxygen content of the blood increase.
The carbon dioxide content will decrease.
Nutrient decrease (because the lung tissues will use some nutrients)
43. How does tissue fluid form?
At the arteriold end, the blood pressure is high. High blood pressure cause certain content of the plasma to be forced out.
44. What kind of matter in the blood cannot leave the blood vessels and reach the tissue fluid?
Red blood cell, lymphocyte of white blood cells, blood platelets, plasma proteins (proteins that dissolve in plasma).
45. How does the water in the tissue fluid flow back into the blood capillaries?
Since plasma protein cannot leave the blood capillaries, resulting in the water potential of the plasma becoming lower, water will flow back into the capillaries by osmosis.
Some water will flow into the lymph capillaries.
46. How does tissue fluid flow back into lymph vessels?
By contraction of skeletal muscles, the tissue fluid is forced into the lymph vessels. (There sports help the return of tissue fluid)
47. Describe the adaptive features of blood capillaries to material exchange.
(1) The blood capillaries is made of one layer of cells. This shorten the diffusion distance during material exchange.
(2) There are large number of blood capillaries. This increase greatly the surface area.
(3) The total cross sectional area of the blood capillaries is very big, this cause blood to flow slower, allow a longer time for material exchange.
48. How does lymph flow?
Same as the flow of blood in the veins.
(1) Contraction of skeletal muscles push the blood forward.
(2) valves in the lymph vessels prevent back flow of blood.
49. Compare the composition of lymph, tissue fluid and blood.
Lymph is the same as tissue fluid in composition.
50. What is the function of lymphatic system?
(1) Collect excess tissue fluid and bring it back to the circulatory system.
(2) There are a lot of white blood cells at lymph nodes ready to kill pathogens.
(3) transport fat and fat soluble vitamins