1. What is the importance of movement to animal?
(1) search for food
(2) escape from danger
(3) finding mate
2. Which system is responsible for movement?
Muscular-skeletal system. It is composed of muscles and the skeleton.
3. What is human skeleton made up of?
(1) bones
(2) cartilage
4. What is bone composed of?
(1) living cells
(2) minerals (mainly calcium phosphate)
(3) protein
(4) water
5. What are the two types of bones?
(1) Compact bone: forms the outer shell of all bones and the shaft of limb bones
(2) spongy bone: located at the head of limb bones
6. What are the features of compact bones?
(1) very high density, very hard
(2) full of fatty tissue within the shafts (yellow bone marrow)
7. What are the features of spongy bones?
(1) Full of cavities important for absorbing shock and resisting stress.
(2) Full of red bone marrow within the cavities for making red blood cells.
8. What is the function of cartilages?
(1) Act as a soft pad between bones so as to reduce friction when two bones move against each other.
(2) Give support and maintain the shape of the pinna, the nose and the wall of the trachea.
9. What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?
(1) Axial skeleton: including the skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage
(2) Appendicular skeleton: including the limb bones and girdles.
10. What are the features and functions of the skull?
Features: made up of 8 pieces of bones.
Functions: Protect the brain and certain organs (e.g. eyes and ears)
11. What are the features and functions of the vertebral column?
(1) It is S shaped such that the shock given out during activities can be absorbed more effectively.
(2) It is linked up by 33 pieces of vertebrae, a cartilage called intervertebral disc is situated between each vertebra.
Both features function to absorb shock.
12. What is the function of the vertebral column?
(1) provides surface area for attachment of muscles
(2) protects the spinal cord
13. What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
(1) It can be compressed so as to allow a certain degree of bending of the vertebral column.
(2) It can act as a shock absorber.
14. What is the function of the rib cage?
(1) It protects the heart and the lungs
(2) It assists breathing.
15. What is the function of the skeleton?
(1) It supports the body weight
(2) It allows movement (by allowing attachment of muscles)
(3) It protects organs including the brain, eyes, ears, spinal cord, heart and lungs
(4) It produces blood cells
(5) It stores mineral such as calcium or phosphate
16. What is joint?
The location where two or more bones join.
17. What are the two types of joints?
(1) immovable joint
(2) movable joint
18. List the structure and functions of various structures of a joint.
(1) ligament. It hold the bones in position and allow certain degree of movement of the joint.
(2) Cartilage. It can absorb shock. It reduces the friction between bone during activites.
(3) Synovial membrane. Secrete synovial fluid which reduce the friction between bone during activites. It also nourishes the cells of the cartilages.
19. List the two types of movable joints and the relevant examples.
(1) Ball and socket joints: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.
(2) Hinge joints: elbow joints, knee joints.
20. What is the difference between the degree of movement between ball and socket joints and hinge joints?
Ball and socket joints: allow movement of bones on many planes.
Hinge joints: allow movement of bones on one plane only.
21. What is skeletal muscles composed of?
- bundles of muscle fibres,
- bundles of muscle fibres are held together by connective tissues,
- each muscle fibre is one muscle cell,
- each muscle cell consists of many nucleus.
22. How does the force produced by muscle contraction cause the joint to move?
(1) Muscles are attached to bones.
(2) Tendons are inelastic.
(3) The force produced by muscles will be transmitted through the tendons to the bone on the other side of the joint.
(4) as a result, the bone moves.
23. What is opposing / antagonistic muscles?
A pair of muscles causing opposite action in movement.
24. What is the difference between flexor and extensor?
Flexor: causes a limb to bend upon contraction.
Extensor: causes a limb to straighten upon contraction.
25. In the level principle of movement, what is the fulcrum, load and effort?
Fulcrum: joint
Load: bone and the weight of the thing to be moved.
Effort: produced by the muscles.
26. What is neuromuscular junction?
It is also called the motor end plate. It is the synapse between a motor neurone and the muscle fibre.
27. How can a nerve impulse cause muscle contraction?
(1) A nerve impulses is being transmitted to the axon end of a motor neurone,
(2) The axon end of the motor neurone are stimulated and the vesicles within release neurotransmitters,
(3) The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft and reach the membrane of the muscle fibres,
(4) The muscle fibres are stimulated to produce electrical impulse,
(5) The electrical impulse caused the muscle to contract.