5 Food and humans

1. If a person on a diet only drinks vegetable soup for a week and does not consume the soup ingredients, what problems might this person have? Why?

2. Do plants have nutritional functions? If so, how do they differ from those of animals?

3. If you need to transport energy-containing food substances, which is the best choice: carbohydrates, fats, or proteins? Why?

4. What is the difference between food and food substances? Use an example to explain.

5. Which type of food substance do plants not require from humans? Why?

6. How do plants obtain carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water?

7. What is the difference in the elements contained in carbohydrates compared to proteins and lipids?

8. What is the difference in solubility between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

9. Rice mainly contains starch, which is a polysaccharide, insoluble in water, and not sweet. Why does chewing a lump of rice in the mouth for some time lead to a sweet taste?

10. Can we purchase monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides in the market to produce energy?

11. Can we consume animal polysaccharides (those stored in animals)? If so, what should we eat?

12. What type of food substances are mainly present in milk?

13. Compared to other foods, what is the greatest advantage of milk?

14. When the human body breaks down sucrose, is water released? Why?

15. All monosaccharides and disaccharides are reducing sugars, except which one is not?

16. Monosaccharides are a category of carbohydrates, while glucose is a specific carbohydrate. Is starch a category or a specific carbohydrate? Explain.

17. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polysaccharides. What are their differences?

18. If you want to consume glycogen, what food should you eat? Why?

19. Which monosaccharide are all polysaccharides composed of?

20. Cellulose is composed of glucose, but why do plants not break down cellulose to produce energy?

21. Does starch and glucose contain the same amount of energy per gram (e.g., one gram)? If not, which contains more?

22. Why might different individuals obtain different amounts of energy from consuming the same amount of starch?

23. Is it easier to obtain energy by consuming starch or glucose?

24. Does consuming too much carbohydrate lead to obesity? Why?

25. Why can some people's muscles obtain energy more easily?

26. Skeletal muscles store glycogen. What are the benefits of this for organisms? For which kinds of exercise is this more advantageous?

27. When sick, what type of carbohydrates are easiest for energy acquisition? Why?

28. What is the difference in the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio between lipids and carbohydrates?

29. Which of the following are types of carbohydrates? Which are categories?
    Glucose, monosaccharides, glycogen, cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, sucrose

30. Which of the following are types of lipids? Which are categories?
    Glycerol, fatty acids, triglycerides

31. What are the similarities and differences between oils and fats?

32. Is eating corn healthier than eating French fries? Why?

33. What foods can vegetarians consume to obtain carbohydrates? List two different types of food.

34. What foods can vegetarians consume to obtain lipids? List two different types of food.

35. What foods can vegetarians consume to obtain proteins? List two different types of food.

36. Why should vegetarians consume different types of plant proteins instead of just one type (e.g., soybeans)?

[Proteins]

1. What is the difference between the elements contained in proteins compared to carbohydrates and lipids?

2. What chemical reactions are involved in the process of protein molecule assembly, and how are they similar to those of carbohydrates and lipids?

3. Is the basic structure of proteins not a polypeptide chain? What is the difference between a polypeptide chain and a protein?

4. Can the same polypeptide chain form proteins with different functions?

5. Proteins denature when heated. List some everyday examples.

6. What is the relationship between the three-dimensional structure of proteins and enzyme function?

7. What is the difference between non-essential amino acids and essential amino acids?

8. Why do different proteins have different nutritional values?

9. Animal proteins generally have higher nutritional value than plant proteins. Explain.

10. To be a long-term vegetarian (not consuming animal products), one must learn carefully beforehand. Explain.

11. What foods are the main sources of protein for vegetarians?

12. Estimate which mammals can produce all amino acids on their own.

13. How can fitness and muscle development be achieved? Can it be done by consuming only proteins?

14. If you consume too much protein, how does the body process it? Does it lead to obesity?

15. How do we define "excessive" protein consumption?

16. Can protein replace carbohydrates and lipids as a daily energy source? Explain.

17. How can one determine if the body is using proteins to release energy for daily needs?

18. Severe protein deficiency leads to a condition called "nutritional deficiency disease." How is this treated?

19. Severe protein deficiency causes skeletal muscles to atrophy and abdominal swelling. Explain.

20. People today are generally taller than their grandparents, even though their activity levels are lower. Explain.

21. During weight loss, performing a lot of weight-bearing exercises may cause weight to increase instead of decrease. Explain.

22. Organisms store excess carbohydrates and lipids in the body but do not store proteins. Why might this be?

[Minerals]

1. What is the difference in the sources of organic and inorganic food substances?

2. Can drinking mineral water provide energy?

3. Can sports drinks (e.g., Pocari Sweat) provide energy? Explain.

4. Minerals form some substances in the body. List three examples.

5. Our body needs phosphorus. What structures in the body contain phosphorus?

6. What effect does calcium deficiency have on children's growth? Explain.

7. Why are pregnant women more likely to experience muscle cramps?

8. What effect does calcium deficiency have on sports performance? Explain.

9. What are the symptoms of rickets? How can you observe that someone has rickets?

10. Are only children susceptible to rickets?

11. What are the effects of calcium deficiency in adults?

12. Why should older adults supplement calcium?

13. Estimate why women after menopause should supplement calcium.

14. Calcium deficiency in adults is generally harder to detect. Why? How can it be detected early?

15. Why does eating canned sardines provide a rich source of calcium?

16. Can consuming pearls provide calcium?

[Vitamins]

1. Which vitamins are water-soluble? Which are fat-soluble?

2. Fat-soluble vitamins can generally be stored in the human body. Where are they mainly stored?

3. Does vitamin A deficiency affect daytime vision? Explain.

4. Vitamin A maintains the health of epithelial tissues. List three types of epithelial tissues.

5. Can vitamin A deficiency cause blindness? Explain.

6. Does vitamin A deficiency make one more susceptible to respiratory diseases?

7. Does consuming vitamin A have a cosmetic function?

8. How can one detect vitamin A deficiency?

9. Carrots do not contain vitamin A. Why does consuming carrots generally supplement vitamin A?

10. Besides carrots, estimate which of the following foods, goji berries or green grapes, is more likely to contain carotenoids.

11. Goji berries are said to improve eyesight. Do you agree? Explain.

12. Can consuming enough vitamin A improve vision?

13. Why does vitamin C deficiency lead to bleeding gums?

14. Can consuming vitamin C supplement iron? Why?

15. Can consuming enough vitamin C prevent anemia?

16. Which contains more vitamin C: hot lemon water or cold lemon water?

17. Does blending orange juice in a blender cause vitamin C loss? Explain.

18. Why can consuming vitamin C prevent diseases?

19. Do you agree that taking vitamin C during a cold speeds recovery?

20. What are the symptoms of scurvy?

21. Why do only fresh vegetables contain abundant vitamin C?

22. A hundred years ago, sailors on long voyages (several months or more) often developed scurvy. Why might this be?

23. List fruits rich in vitamin C.

24. Estimate which contains more vitamin C: lemons or oranges? Explain.

25. Vitamin D is important for bone growth, but bones do not contain vitamin D. Why is vitamin D important for bone growth?

26. Vitamin D deficiency and the deficiency of which mineral show similar symptoms? Why?

27. Which vitamin can be obtained without eating? How can the body obtain this vitamin without consuming it?

28. Why are fish with higher fat content more likely to contain vitamin D?

29. What type of fish provides vitamin D? Why?

30. Tuna and salmon are fish rich in vitamin D. Estimate what types of water these fish live in. Why?

31. Which part of the egg contains the most vitamin D?

32. Many people today prioritize skin whitening. What health impacts might this have? If one wants to prevent problems related to skin whitening, what food substances should be included in the diet? Why?

33. Two types of food generally contain sufficient vitamins and minerals. What are these two types of food?

34. How can one know if they may have anemia?

35. Can people with anemia participate in sprinting?

36. What types of exercise are not suitable for people with anemia?

37. Why are women more likely to develop anemia?

38. Consuming enough calcium and vitamin D does not necessarily ensure strong bones. What activities should be performed in daily life to achieve this?