1. What are the two types of human coordination system?
(1) The nervous system
(2) The endocrine system
2. Describe the basic mechanism of response to stimuli?
(1) stimuli is detected by receptors
(2) the receptors transmit the stimuli to the coordinating systems
(3) the coordinating systems give out signals to effectors
(4) the effectors give out response.
3. What are the two main parts that comprise the human nervous system?
(1) central nervous system --- consists of the brain and the spinal cord
(2) peripheral nervous system --- consists of the cranial nerves and the spinal
nerves
4. What is cranial nerve?
The nerves that extend from the medulla of the brain, e.g. optic nerve.
5. What is spinal nerve?
The nerves that extend from the spinal cord, e.g. the nerves extending to the arms and legs.
6. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
neurone (i.e. nerve cells)
7. List all the structures of a neurone.
cell body, nerve fibre, dendron, axon.
8. What is myelin shealth?
The collective name of the cells that surround the nerve fibres.
9. What are the functions of myelin shealth?
(1) to protect the nerve fibres
(2) to insulate the nerve fibres.
10. What are the significance of insulation of the nerve fibre by the myelin shealth?
(1) prevent nerve impulses from transmitting to non-target location (e.g. think about a electric cable. There are many smaller cables inside which transmit electricity to do different things).
(2) increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
11. What is the definition of dendrons?
They are responsible for transmission of nerve impulse towards the cell body.
12. What is the definition of axon?
They are responsible for transmission of nerve impulse away from the cell body.
13. What are the three types of neurones?
(1) sensory neurone: they transmit nerve impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system.
(2) motor neurone: they transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors.
(3) interneurones: they transmit nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone or other interneurones.
14. Compare the length of dendrons and axon of different kinds of neurones, also state the location of the cell body.
Sensory neurones have long dendrons and short axons, their cell bodies are situated just outside the central nervous system.
Motor neurones have short dendron and long axons, their cell bodies are situated inside the central nervous system.
Both dendron and axon of interneurones are short, their cell bodies are located inside the central nervous system.
15. What is the structure of a nerve?
A number of the dendrons and axons of many neurones bunched up by connective tissue is called a nerve.
16. What is the nature of transmission of a nerve impulse?
Electricity
17. How can a nerve impulses be transmitted between neurones?
(1) A nerve impulse arrive at the end of the axon, the synaptic knob.
(2) The synaptic knob contains synaptic vesicles which are stimulated to release neurotransmitters,
(3) The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft to stimulate the dendron of another neurone,
(4) the dendron of another neurone is stimulated to produce nerve impulse.
18. What is the significance of synapse?
(1) It ensures that the nerve impulses are transmitted in one direction only.
(2) It allows one neurones to communicate with more than one neurone in order to coordinate different receptors and effectors of the body.
19. How can the synapse ensure that nerve impulses are transmitted in one direction only?
- only the end of axon can release neurotransmitters,
- only the end of dendron will have the corresponding receptors for the
neurotransmitters.
20. What structures protect the central nervous system?
(1) bones: Skull (brain), vertebral column (spinal cord)
(2) 3 membranes
(3) cerebral spinal fluid
21. What is the function of cerebral spinal fluid?
(1) provide nutrients and oxygen for neurones as well as bring away the wastes.
(2) acts as cushion for protecting the brain and the spinal cord from
concussions.
(3) support the brain and the spinal cord
22. What are the three main parts of the brain?
(1) cerebrum
(2) cerebellum (hind brain)
(3) medulla
23. What are the features of the brain?
(1) It composes of the left and right hemisphere connected by nerves.
(2) The left brain mainly control the right part of the body, and vice versa.
(3) The brain is highly folded for accommodating more neurones.
(4) The surface of the brain is the cerebral cortex, composes of grey matther with cell bodies.
(5) The inner layer is composed of white matter with nerve fibres.
24. What are the functions of the cerebrum?
(1) responsible for intelligent activities such as memory, thinking and make decisions etc.
(2) control all voluntary actions.
25. What are the three parts of the cerebral cortex? What are their functions?
(1) Sensory area: receive nerve impulses from various receptors and produce
difference feelings.
(2) Motor area: send out nerve impulses to effectors.
(3) association areas: integrate information from different sensory areas and relate the information to past experiences and then send nerve impulse (make decision) to the motor areas to give response.
26. What are the features of the cerebellum?
(1) highly folder
(2) the outer layer covered with grey matter and the inner layer white matter
27. What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Coordinate muscle activities so as to maintain body balance.
28. What are the features of the medulla?
(1) connected with the spinal cord
(2) the outer layer is white matter, the inner layer is grey matter (opposite to that of the cerebrum and the cerebellum).
29. What is the function of the medulla?
(1) the reflex centre of many reflex action of the head, including secretion of saliva, swallowing and coughing.
(2) control involuntary actions such as breathing, heart beat and peristalsis.
30. What are involuntary actions?
Actions that are not under conscious control, that is not controlled by the cerebrum.
31. What are the features of the spinal cord?
(1) the outer layer is white matter, the inner matter appears to be H shaped and made up of grey matter
(2) The middle part of the grey matter is the central canal. It is full of cerebral spinal fluid
(3) On both sides of the spinal cord extends many pairs of spinal nerves. Each spinal nerve are connected to the spinal cord via two nerve roots.
32. What neurones are contained in the dorsal and ventral root?
Dorsal root: sensory neurones, the cell bodies of which are situated at the dorsal root ganglion.
Ventral root: motor neurone, the cell bodies of which are situated inside the spinal cord.
33. What is the function of the spinal cord?
(1) It relays nerve impulses between the brain and other parts of the body
(2) It is the reflex centre for many reflex actions involving the trunk and limbs.
34. What is a reflex action?
An inborn, rapid and automatic response to a stimulus by a living organism.
35. What is the characteristics of a reflex action?
(1) It is stereotyped. The same stimulus always results in the same response.
(2) It does not involve the cerebrum, therefore is involuntary.
(3) fast response
36. What are the examples of reflex actions that only involve the spinal cord and spinal nerves only?
(1) withdrawal reflex
(2) knee jerk reflex
37. What is the sequence of events leading to withdrawal reflex?
(1) receptor is stimulated and a nerve impulse is initiated
(2) the nerve impulse is transmitted through the sensory neurone to the spinal cord, then to the motor neurone
(3) the motor neurone transmit the nerve impulse,
(4) the nerve impulse is transmitted to the effector to give response.
38. What is a reflex arc?
The nervous pathway that brings about a reflex action.
39. What is a voluntary action?
(1) It is under conscious control of the cerebrum.
(2) It is initiated by the cerebrum directly without involving any stimuli.
40. What compose of the endocrine system?
(1) endocrine glands
(2) blood
41. What is an endocrine gland?
- Glands that can produce hormones
- the hormones will directly diffuse into blood
- can produce one or more than one kind hormones
42. List the major endocrine glands in the human body
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries / Testes