1 What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
2 What are the stages of photosynthesis? What are the main processes in these stages, and where in the cell do they occur?
3 Which molecule in the chloroplast absorbs light energy? What happens to this molecule afterward?
4 After losing electrons, chlorophyll becomes unstable. From which molecule does it regain electrons?
5 What substances are produced when water is split, and what happens to each of them?
6 What is the process of splitting water called? Why is it called this?
7 What is the final destination of the high-energy electrons that are excited and leave chlorophyll?
8 What is the process of producing ATP in the light reaction called? Why is it called this?
9 Overall, after the light reaction, the energy from light is transferred to which molecules? These molecules are referred to as energy carriers—why?
10 Through what pathway is the energy from the light reaction's energy carriers stored in glucose?
11 Overall, what are the raw materials and products (including by-products) of the light reaction?
12 What compounds are involved in the Calvin cycle?
13 Where does carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle, and how are the compounds in the cycle transformed?
14 From which compound in the Calvin cycle is glucose derived?
15 In the Calvin cycle, where do ATP and NADPH generated from the light reaction participate to transfer energy to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)?
16 In the Calvin cycle, is the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into a 5-carbon compound a synthesis or decomposition reaction?
17 Where does the energy for the anabolic reaction of converting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into a 5-carbon compound come from?
18 What is the process of converting 5-carbon compounds into 3-carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle called? Why is it named this?
19 What is the process of converting 3-carbon compounds into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle called? Why is it named this?
20 What is the process of converting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into 5-carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle called? Why is it named this?
21 In the Calvin cycle, which compound serves as the carbon dioxide acceptor?
22 Why is the Calvin cycle also referred to as the dark reaction?
23 Overall, what are the raw materials and products of the Calvin cycle?
24 Photosynthesis is essentially a process of energy conversion. Explain.
25 In photosynthesis, light energy is ultimately transferred to which substances?
26 Both water and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis contain oxygen. How can you prove whether the oxygen in the product comes from carbon dioxide or water?
27 How is the external structure of leaves adapted for photosynthesis?
28 How is the internal structure of leaves adapted for photosynthesis?
29 The final shape and structure of leaves represent a balance between adaptation for photosynthesis and prevention of water loss. Explain.
30 What characteristics are typical of trees in tropical rainforests? Explain why.
31 In terrestrial dicot plants, stomata are mainly concentrated on the underside of leaves, but most photosynthesis occurs in the upper layers of the leaf. How does carbon dioxide efficiently reach the palisade cells?
32 What is the main function of the air spaces inside terrestrial plant leaves?
33 What features related to stomata can further prevent water loss?
34 How do the leaves of aquatic plants differ from those of terrestrial plants?
35 What characteristics of chloroplasts make them suitable for photosynthesis?
36 Why do scientists believe chloroplasts might have originated as symbiotic bacteria? In this symbiotic relationship, what benefits do bacteria (chloroplasts) and plant cells gain?
37 When testing for starch in leaves, what is the purpose of the following steps? (1) Boiling the leaf.
(2) Soaking the leaf in alcohol for some time.
(3) Immersing the leaf in warm water.
(4) Adding iodine solution.
38 How can a variegated leaf be used to prove that photosynthesis requires light?
39 If given more time, the non-green parts of a variegated leaf might also test positive for starch. Why?
40 When conducting a photosynthesis experiment, is it always necessary to remove starch beforehand? Explain.
41 What compounds can absorb carbon dioxide?
42 What compounds can be used to detect carbon dioxide?
43 When chlorophyll is stimulated by light, it releases high-energy electrons and becomes unstable. From which substance does the chlorophyll molecule regain electrons?
What is photophosphorylation?
44 In the light reaction, to which compounds is light energy transferred?
45 What are the products of the light reaction?
46 If the rate of oxygen release is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis, the measured rate is lower than the actual rate. Why?
47 What is the role of ATP and NADPH?
48 Can plants carry out the Calvin cycle at night? Explain.
49 What is the relationship between the light reaction and the Calvin cycle?
50 What is a limiting factor?
51 How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?
52 How does the design of greenhouses help improve crop yields?
53 How does excessively high temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?
54 Why do plants convert the glucose produced during photosynthesis into starch?
55 Why do plants transport carbohydrates in the form of sucrose rather than glucose?
56 Plants store energy in various ways. List all the methods you know.
57 Can all the lipids in plants be synthesized solely from the products of photosynthesis? Explain.
58 Can all the proteins in plants be synthesized solely from the products of photosynthesis? Explain.
59 Pitcher plants can capture and digest insects, but they are still green. Estimate the different ways in which pitcher plants obtain nutrients.
60 Cuscuta (dodder) is a climbing plant that grows by twining around other plants. It is green as a seedling but turns yellow when mature. Estimate the nutritional strategies of Cuscuta.
61 What should be considered first when listing the importance of photosynthesis?
62 If there were no plants on Earth, would it be impossible for other organisms to exist? Do you agree?
63 If there were no photosynthesis on Earth, would it be impossible for any organisms to exist? Do you agree?
64 Are there plants in the deep sea? Why or why not?