1. According to the World Health Organization WHO, what are the three aspects of health?
(1) Physical
(2) Mental
(3) Social
2. What is the difference of sign and symptom?
Sign is the observable features that a person having the disease can show. It can be recognized by a doctor or other people.
Symptom can only be felt by the patient.
3. List the reasons for infectious disease.
Caused by invading pathogens.
4. List the 4 possible reasons for non-infectious disease.
(1) Heredity factor
(2) Physical factor
(3) Behavioural factor
(4) Environmental factor
5. List the possible reasons for disease due to physical factor.
Ageing or regression of body parts.
6. List the unhealthy behavior that cause disease.
(1) Imbalanced diet
(2) Lack of activities
(3) Smoking
(4) Drinking
(5) Drug abuse
7. What is pathogen?
Pathogen is something that cause diseases in other organisms. (They can be viruses or other organisms)
8. List the types of pathogens.
(1) virus
(2) bacteria
(3) protist
(4) fungi
9. Which part of the body will pathogen invade the human body?
Wound (damaged positions of the skin)
Other exposed canal or surfaces (eye, nose, mouth cavity, genital outlets)
10. What methods do pathogens mainly use to cause disease in the human body?
(1) Direct destruction of the cell
(2) release toxins or damaging enzymes
11. What is the basic structure of virus? What is the composition of the outer coat? What is the genetic materials inside?
Outer coat: made of protein.
Genetic materials: DNA or RNA
12. What is the basic mechanism of viral infection?
The virus infects a living cell (host),
The genetic material of the virus control of the host mechanisms to assemble its own genetic materials,
Unlimited replication of the virus,
Rupture of the cell membrane of the host cell, releasing the virus.
13. List the commonly seen diseases that are caused by viruses.
(1) Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
(2) Influenza (A type of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI))
(3) Dengue fever
14. List the common seen diaseases that are caused by protists.
Malaria
15. List the commonly seen diseases that is caused by bacteria.
(1) Tuberculosis
(2) Cholera
16. List a commonly seen disease that is caused by fungi.
(1) Athlete foot
17. Describe the mechanism of fungal infection.
Fungi release enzymes. The enzymes digest the human tissue (e.g. skin, nail).
(This in fact is the mode of nutrition of fungi (decomposer))
18. List all the possible way of transmission of infectious diseases.
(1) droplets
(2) air
(3) water
(4) food
(5) body fluid
(6) vector
(7) direct contact
19. How can pathogens be transmitted by droplets?
Upon speaking, coughing or sneezing, droplets will be released from
the respiratory system.
The pathogens inside the droplets land onto the eyes, nasal cavity or the mucous layer of the mouth cavity.
20. How can infectious diseases caused by droplets be prevented?
(1) Infected persons should use tissue to cover the mouth while coughing or sneezing.
(2) Infected persons should wear a mask in case of runny nose.
(3) Both the infected or non-infected should refrain from going to crowded
areas.
21. Under what circumstances will pathogens be transmitted through air?
(1) When droplets evaporated and become small particles.
(2) Fungal spores (since they are small and light)
22. How can infectious diseases due to air transmission be prevented?
(1) Maintain good aeration (reduce the pathogen density in the air).
(2) Wear a mask.
23. How can infectious diseases due to drinking uncleaned water be prevented?
(1) boil water before drinking
(2) Ensure clean supply of water
(3) proper treatment of sewage and faeces
24. How can we prevent diseases that are transmitted by food?
(1) Cook food thoroughly
(2) Properly treat food, including
- select safe raw materials of food
- Maintain good hygiene for both the water used and the cooking
Utensils
- Separate cooked food from raw food
- Store food within safe temperatures.
25. List the possible routes that diseases can be transmitted through body fluid.
(1) Shared needles
(2) blood transfusion
(3) labour
(4) sexual intercourse
(5) kissing
26. What is a vector?
Any animal that carries the pathogen to its host.
27. List the common seen vector
(1) fly
(2) cockroaches
(3) mosquitoes
28. List the strategies to prevent diseases that are caused by vectors.
(1) remove the habitats where the vectors grow
(2) Kill the vectors
(3) Prevent contact with vectors
(4) Prevent vectors from having contacts with food and water.
29. List the method of curing infectious diseases.
(1) Kill the pathogens,
(2) Inhibit the pathogens.
30. What are antibiotics?
Chemical released by certain bacteria or fungi used to kill other microorganisms or inhibit their growth.
31. List a number of mechanisms that antibiotics use to kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
(1) Inhibit the formation of cell wall
(2) destroy cell membrane
(3) inhibit the formation of nucleic acid
(4) inhibit the formation of protein
(5) other reasonable answers.
32. What kinds of behavious is included within antibiotic abuse?
(1) taking antibiotics in unnecessary situations.
(2) stop taking antibiotics when illness gets better without instruction from
the doctor.
(3) Using high dosage of antibiotics while rearing animals.
33. How does sulpha drugs treat infectious disease?
Sulpha drugs are inhibitors of certain enzyme in bacteria, they slow down the metabolic activities of the bacteria.