1. What is a habitat?
A habitat is a place where living things live in.
2. List six different habitats.
(1) Beach
(2) Ocean
(3) Polar region
(4) Fresh water streams
(5) rocky shore
(6) rainforest
3. List the general environmental features of a desert.
(1) Extremely dry (extreme low rainfall): This is the most important features that defines a dessert.
(2) Great temperature differences between day and night.
Note: Whether or not there is sand is not the main feature of a dessert.
4. List the major features of polar region.
(1) Extremely cold.
(2) low humidity (note: the presence of a large amount of ice does not represent the presence of liquid water.)
5. List the major environmental features of a rocky shore.
(1) There are high and low tides. Immobile organisms will intermittently be covered with water.
(2) The water in the rock pools on the shore will have a large temperature range.
6. What are the main environmental features of rainforests?
(1) High humidity
(2) Small temperature difference between day and night.
Notes: The temperature does not necessarily be very high, especially when compared with deserts.
7. What are the standard judgement in classification?
The level of similarities between the structures.
8. What is the function of classification?
(1) to systematically study living things.
(2) to quick get to know unfamiliar organisms.
(3) to get an understanding of evolution.
(4) to make predictions
9. Which level is the most basic level of classification?
Species
10. How can‘species’ be defined?
Two organisms has to be able to
(1) mate, and
(2) give offspring, and that
(3) the offspring should be fertile.
before they can be classified as the same species.
11. What is the characteristics of biological nomenclatures?
(1) Unique, used all over the world,
(2) double names, composed of two Latin words.
(3) The first name is the Genus name, the second name is the Species name.
(4) Italic should be used in printings, underline should be given to handwritings
12. What are the three domains of the current classification system?
(1) Bacteria
(2) Archaea
(3) Eukarya
13. What are the six kingdoms of the current classification system?
(1) Eubacteria
(2) Archaebacteria
(3) Protista
(4) Fungi
(5) Plantae
(6) Animalia
14. What are the major features of Kingdom Eubacteria?
- very small, 1-5 micro meter in length
- unicellular prokaryotes
- circular DNA
- cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
- some have flagella for locomotion
15. What are the major features of Kingdom Archaebacteria?
- Unicellular prokaryotes
- archaebacterial are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
- Most of them have cell wall, but with composition very different from that
of bacteria and plant
- The lipid in the cell membrane is different from other organisms.
- they live in extreme environments.
16. What are the major features of Kingdom Protist?
- eukaryotes
- most of them are unicellular
17. What are the three types of protists?
(1) protist: e.g. amoeba, paramecium
(2) algae
(3) slime mould
18. What are the major features of kingdom Fungi?
- Most of them are multicellular, made up of hyphae, forming a network of hyphae called mycelium.
- have cell wall, but not made of cellulose
- have no chlorophyll
- reproduce by spores
- mostly saprophytic, some a parasitic
19. What are the major examples of fungi?
Yeast, bread moulds, mushroom
20. What are the major features of kingdom plantae?
- autotrophs, have chlorophyll
- contains cell wall made of cellulose
- cannot move from place to place (no locomotion, but have can move by growth!)
21. Generally, how are the classification of kingdom plantae done?
Non-vascular plants (mosses)
Vascular plants, including (1) fern (2) conifers
(3) flowering plants (monocotyledons (monocots), docotyledons (dicots))
22. What are the major features of non vascular plants?
- have no vascular tissues
- small, live in damp and shady environments
- have rhizoids
- reproduce by spores
23. What are the major features of fern?
- most of them have feathery leaf, young leaves are curled
- reproduce by spores, the spores are located under the leaves
24. What are the major features of conifers?
- tall and big
- reproduce by seeds
- have cones with naked seeds inside (naked=exposed to air)
25. What are the major features of flowering plants?
- reproductive organ: flower
- seeds are enclosed within fruits
26. What are the major features of docotyledonous plants?
(1) have two cotyledons
(2) have network of vein in the leaves
(3) petals are in multiples of four or five
27. What are the major features of docotyledonous plants?
(1) only one cotyledons
(2) parallel veins in their leaves
(3) petals in multiples of three
28. What are the major characteristics of animals?
- heterotrophic
- no cell wall
- most of the are free to move from one place to another (capable of locomotion)
29. What is/are the major characteristic(s) of invertebrates?
No vertebrate
30. What is/are the major characteristics of fish?
They use gill for breathing
They use fins for swimming and balancing their bodies (unique feature)
Most of them have slimy wet scales
External Fertilization
lay eggs
poikilotherms
31. What are the major features of amphibians?
- adult used lungs and skins for gas exchange, larvae use gills
- most of them have 4 limbs
- slimy skin, moist and naked, with no hairs or scales(unique feature)
- external fertilization
- lay eggs
- poikilotherms
32. What are the major features of reptiles?
- Use lungs for gas exchange
- have dry hard scales
- most have four limbs
- internal fertilization
- have dry and hard egg shells
- poikilotherms
33. What are the major features of birds
- have lungs
- have wings
- have feathers (unique feature)
- have dry hard scale on legs
- have beaks
- homoiotherms
34. What are the major features of mammals
- have lungs
- most with surface covered with hairs (unique feature)
- most have pinnae
- have mammary glands
- internal fertilization
- homoiotherms
35. Regarding the features of animals, which of them are adapted to living on land?
(1) lungs
(2) dry skins
(3) internal fertilization(most important)
(4) four limbs
(5) homoiotherms
36. What is the use of dichotomous keys?
To identify the names of organisms according to their body characteristics.
37. What should we pay attention to while making a dichotomous key?
For every level, list only one pair of opposing feature.