The coordination of the human body is managed by two systems. Which system do you think is more fundamental (i.e., present in all living organisms)?
The basic mechanism of coordination is the same, but the location of the control center and the location of stimulus reception may sometimes overlap. Provide some examples that you know.
Differentiate between cranial nerves and the brain; and between the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
Neurons are specialized cells. How do neurons differ from ordinary cells?
Nerve fibers are generally white in color. Explain why.
Is the myelin sheath actually a structure formed by many overlapping layers of cell membranes?
Compare nerves, nerve fibers, and neurons.
The transmission of nerve signals relies on two main mechanisms. What are they?
Essentially, electrical impulses are uniform. How does the body determine whether the signals transmitted by different nerve fibers should trigger stimulation or inhibition?
The brain is nourished by cerebrospinal fluid, but where do the substances in cerebrospinal fluid come from?
Compare the compositional differences between cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and tissue fluid.
Explain the relationship between gray matter, white matter, and neurons.
If the cerebrum is damaged, will a person die? Why or why not?
If the hindbrain is damaged, will a person die? Why or why not?
If the medulla oblongata is damaged, will a person die? Why or why not?
Direct electrical stimulation of different parts of the brain's sensory areas will generate different sensations. Is this statement correct? (Note: This means sensations occur without stimulation from sensory organs.)
Is it correct to say that each person, even when experiencing the same stimulus, will have different sensations? Explain.
Which parts of the brain are involved in walking? What are their respective functions?
If the spinal cord is damaged at the neck, how will this affect a person? For example, will they still feel pain or withdraw their hand after being pricked?
How can a headless chicken survive for a period of time? Is it possible for a human to experience a similar situation?
Compare involuntary actions and reflex actions.
Reflex actions controlled by the medulla oblongata are critical for human survival. Explain why.
Compare the dorsal root and ventral root.
What is the importance of reflex actions?
Conditioned reflexes are learned responses. What are the benefits of conditioned reflexes?
Why is it impossible for humans to rely entirely on conditioned reflexes in daily life?
What are the differences between the withdrawal reflex and the knee-jerk reflex?
What is a reflex arc? Which two words are most important in its definition?
Provide some examples of exocrine glands.
Compare endocrine glands and exocrine glands.
Compare the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Some forms of body coordination, such as temperature regulation, are influenced by both the nervous system and the endocrine system. In what situations do you think the nervous system is utilized, and in what situations is the endocrine system used?
How do hormones reach their target organs or tissues?
How do hormones exert their effects?
Compare the functions of hormones and enzymes.