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SYLLABUS CONTENT
How do the systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
Explain the interrelationship between the skeletal and muscular systems and movement
Including:
structure and function
major bones and synovial joints
joint actions
major muscles
characteristics and functions of muscle fibres
types of muscle contractions
muscle relationship
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage and ligaments.
It serves six functions:
Structure of the body
Allows for movement
Protects vital organs
Produces blood cells (red and white)
Mineral storage (particularly calcium)
Endocrine regulation (hormones)
STRUCTURE
The skeletal system can be broken into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Your axial skeleton is made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest.
Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton. Your appendicular skeleton includes the bones in your shoulders, pelvis and limbs, including your arms, hands, legs and feet.
BUILD YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Read page 173 of the Cambridge textbook and discuss.
MAJOR BONES
ACTIVITY - Major Bones
Try to name as many bones as you can in the skeletal diagram. Remember to use correct anatomical terminology where possible.
Completed diagram
Completed diagram
How many did you know?
Using the completed diagram, fill in any gaps and correct any errors.
Now Practice!
Using the links, learn the names of the major bones through games and repetition.
TYPES OF BONES
The bones (or skeletal system) form a rigid framework to which muscles and other organs attach. The shape and length of the bone, how it joins to other bones and location of the bone in the human body will influence what movement that bone is capable of. Each of these bones joins to at least one other through a synovial joint, which allows for movement. The major bones involved in movement are also each classified into types of bones.
The four main types of bones are:
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones, and
Sesamoid bones
LONG BONES
Long bones have the classical bone shape, and are narrow and long. By definition they must be longer than they are wide. Long bones are often the major bones involved in movement and also function to support weight.
Examples of long bones include the:
Clavicle
Humerous
Radius
Ulna
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Tibia
Fibula, and
Metatarsals
SHORT BONES
Short bones are roughly as wide as they are long and function to provide stability. They are one of the other major bones involved in movement, but only provide for limited movement.
Examples of short bones include the:
Carpals
Tarsals
Patella
FLAT BONES
Flat bones have a flattened surface and function to act as a shield protecting vital organs in the body. They also exist at joints, where they provide the “base” for movement to occur from. Examples of flat bones include the:
Skull
Sternum
Costals (ribs)
Scapula, and
Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
IRREGULAR BONES
Irregular bones are classified as such because of their irregular shape, not fitting into any other category. Irregular bones are one of the types of major bones involved in movement. Often irregular bones provide very limited amounts of movement and often provide protection for vital organs.
Examples of irregular bones include the:
Mandible
Vertebra
Sacrum
SESAMOID BONES
Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons and help to protect the tendon from wear and tear. They are often found in the muscles of the hands and feet, however, the only one you need to know is the patella.
ACTIVITY - Types of Bones
In allocated groups, research the major bones of the upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb and vertebral column. Report back to the group with your findings, presented in a table with associated images in the attached Google Slides document.
Click here to edit the document: Types of Bones - Expert Jigsaw Activity
STRUCTURE OF A BONE
A typical long bone such as the humerus and femur are essential for movement and consist of the following key components:
Diaphysis
shaft or long portion of the boneEpiphysis
ends of the bones that contain spongy boneArticular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis where two bones meetCompact bone
hard outer casing around the surface of the boneMedullary
space within the diaphysis that contains the bone marrow
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
CUBE the following question. Then, use your verb sheet and ALARM matrix to formulate a response:
Identify four bones used when throwing a cricket ball.
4 marks
WRITING TASK - GLUE
WRITING TASK - GLUE
Assess your response by applying the GLUE method. Highlight the following:
Green - Specific verb requirements/language
Pink - Links to the question
Orange - Syllabus-specific content
Yellow - Examples
Award yourself a mark out of 4.
Annotate what you did well and areas for improvement.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
A joint is any junction in the body where two bones meet. Joints are often referred to as articulations. The bones are joined together with ligaments which hold the joint in place. Joints, along with the bones and muscles enable movement of the body. Our joints enable our limbs to bend and move.
Joints have three main roles:
to hold bones together
to bear weight, and
to allow the body to move.
STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT
Synovial joints typically have structures that allow for smooth movement and shock absorption, and have soft tissue structures that maintain joint integrity. The shape of the articular surfaces will affect the stability of a joint. An elbow (hinge) joint is very strong and unlikely to dislocate due to the shape of the bones that join, whereas the shoulder (ball and socket) joint is more likely to dislocate, due to the more open nature of the bones that meet.
Common structures of synovial joints are as follows:
Articular cartilage (also known as hyaline cartilage) acts as the cushioning between the articulating surfaces of the bones. It is a layer of smooth, shiny cartilage that allows the bones to move freely over each other. This cartilage is thicker in leg joints as they are weight bearing.
Synovial cavity is space that separates the two articulating bones.
Ligaments are fibrous bands that connect bone to bone. They are designed to maintain joint stability by ensuring there is no excessive movement but at the same time control the degree and direction of movement.
Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, keeping the joint well-oiled and the moving surfaces apart. No two joints fit perfectly together, so synovial fluid acts as a fluid cushion between them. It also provides nutrition for the cartilage and carries away waste products. This is all contained within the joint cavity.
Joint capsule encloses the cavity and contains the fluid.
Meniscus is inward-growing cartilage that absorbs shock and pressure and enhances stability.
Bursae are sac-like structures that are strategically placed to alleviate friction.
Tendons are tough inelastic cords that attach muscle to bone. They can assist in strengthening joints where they extend across a joint.
Watch this YouTube video on synovial joint anatomy and complete the reflection sheet below.
Click the button to play.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
There are three main types of joints which can be classified according to the range of movement possible at the joint. These are fibrous or immovable joints, cartilaginous or slightly moveable joints and synovial or freely moveable joints.
Fibrous (immovable) joints (Synarthroses)
This is a joint where no movement is possible. The bones of the cranium are an example of a fibrous joint as the bones of the cranium are fused together in lines called sutures.
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) joints (Amphiarthroses)
These joints are bound by very tight ligaments that permit minimal movement. An example of a cartilaginous joint is in the vertebral column where fibrous cartilage between discs allows a limited range of movement.
Synovial (freely moveable) joints (Diarthroses)
These are the most common type of joint in the body and are largely found in the appendicular skeleton. Synovial joints allow for the greatest range of movement depending on the type of synovial joint. Synovial joints contain a joint capsule, synovial fluid and supporting ligaments.
Examples of synovial joints include knee, shoulder and elbow joints.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
There are six different types of synovial joints, each offering a different range of movement, yet they all have some common characteristics. These synovial joints include:
Ball and socket joint: these consist of a ball-like surface that fits into a cup-like depression of another. They allow flexion/ extension, adduction/abduction, rotation and circumduction. Examples: the shoulder and hip are the only examples in the body.
Hinge joint: the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. Movement is in a single direction allowing flexion and extension. Examples: elbow, knee and ankle.
Gliding joint: articulating bones are usually flat. Side to side, and back and forth movements are permitted. Examples: wrist carpals, ankle tarsals and vertebrae.
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint: an oval-shaped bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. It allows side-to-side and back-and-forth movement. Examples: the joint at the wrist.
Saddle joint: one bone is saddle-shaped awhile the other bone is shaped like a rider. Movement is side-to-side and back-and-forth. Example: thumb.
Pivot joint: a rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another . Primary movement is rotation. Examples: in the cervical spine below the cranium, the atlas bone (C1) rotates around an axis (C2).
Expand the image below to explore the types of synovial joints in the human body.
JOINT ACTIONS
All joints move in specific directions that are categorised according to their plane of movement. These terms provide universal and clear language, which can be used alongside the directional terms, and they assume that the body is in the anatomical position. They are mostly paired with opposing actions.
Read Table 5.1 on pages 178-180 of the Cambridge textbook to explore joint actions, then complete the Joint Actions worksheet.
Watch this YouTube video on joint actions (also known as movement terms) to assist you.
Click the button to play.
Joint Actions worksheet.docxACTIVITY: Joint Actions
Complete the following practical activity to apply your understanding of joint actions.
BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER - HOW DOES THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INFLUENCE AND RESPOND TO MOVEMENT?
All movements of the human body rely on the healthy functioning of the skeletal system. Limitations most often occur in the joints, since inactivity, injury and increasing age all act to reduce joint mobility. Bone health also impacts movement, as decreasing bone density from age, poor diet and hormonal changes increase the risk of fractures. Sedentary lifestyles will have a negative effect, leading to structural and postural changes, which can lead to pain and immobility, and possibly the need to replace joints through surgery. A healthy skeletal system allows a person to fulfil daily living tasks, as well as engage in vocational, fitness, recreational and sporting activities. Physical activity will improve the functioning and health of the skeletal system, and when someone regularly performs activity that supports a healthy skeletal system, they are able to engage in a wide range of daily tasks and physical activities successfully and without pain.
Activity that improves the skeletal system primarily involves weight-bearing, strengthening exercises, as well as movements that challenge the degree of mobility and range of motion in joints. Resistance-based activities build bone strength and density as muscles pull on bones. This could come from having an active job (e.g. a builder), to gardening, bushwalking or weight training. Flexibility, stretching and mobility exercises will help maintain healthy joint mobility and suppleness. Having a healthy diet that includes calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking, excessive alcohol and long periods of inactivity all improve the skeletal system.
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
CUBE the following question. Then, use your verb sheet and ALARM matrix to formulate a response:
Using the image as a stimulus, identify the key bones and joints that are used in a quadricep extension and describe the movements at the joint. (4 marks)
WRITING TASK - GLUE
WRITING TASK - GLUE
Assess your response by applying the GLUE method. Highlight the following:
Green - Specific verb requirements/language
Pink - Links to the question
Orange - Syllabus-specific content
Yellow - Examples
Award yourself a mark out of 4.
Annotate what you did well and areas for improvement.
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