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SYLLABUS CONTENT
How do the systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
Explain the interrelationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems and movement
Including:
Structure and function
Pulmonary and systemic blood circulation and gaseous exchange
Factors that impact on the efficiency of the cardiovascular system
Background: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
The respiratory system and the circulatory system play an integral role in extracting and delivering oxygen from the air we breathe and moving it around the body (along with other nutrients), so that cells can metabolise glucose to produce energy using oxygen (aerobically). The waste products of carbon dioxide and water are then eliminated with the help of these two systems. They are often referred to as the cardiorespiratory system, which reflects their close relationship.
The two systems share a unique relationship, as it is impossible for one to function effectively without the other.
Respiratory System: Structure and Function
The primary role of the respiratory system is to allow humans to breathe (known as ventilation), by drawing in fresh oxygenated air through inspiration and then expelling waste products (carbon dioxide) through expiration. Structurally, it consists of the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles. Air enters through the nose or mouth, moving down the trachea, which branches into bronchi and smaller bronchioles within the lungs. At the end of these pathways are alveoli, tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the blood. Oxygen diffuses into the blood for distribution to body cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli for removal, enabling essential cellular functions and waste expulsion.
Pease note!! Your textbook has the below image labelled incorrectly. The larynx is the voice box, the pharynx is the throat.
ACTIVITY
Watch the following video exploring the respiratory system. Then complete the activity sheet below.
Please note, the following sheet is missing three key aspects of the system. Can you identify them?
Respiratory Structure Sheet.pdfRespiration (Breathing)
Watch the following video, then answer the questions:
Define inspiration and expiration
What role do the external intercostal muscles play in the process of inhalation, and how do they work in conjunction with the diaphragm?
How does Boyle's Law explain the relationship between volume and pressure during the respiratory cycle?
Gaseous Exchange: External Respiration
Once air enters the lungs, it undergoes a process called gaseous exchange in the alveoli.
Deoxygenated blood travels through capillaries to the alveoli, where carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli. Simultaneously, oxygen from inhaled air in the alveoli diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the capillaries, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then returns to the heart, where it is pumped throughout the body to supply cells, while carbon dioxide is expelled from the body during exhalation.
ACTIVITY
Complete the activity sheet below exploring gaseous exchange.
Gas Exchange Sheet.pdf
Activity - Exercise and Respiration
We will undertake the Harvard step test. Record your results and identify any respiratory changes your body underwent before, during and after the test.
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
CUBE the following question. Then use your verb sheet and ALARM matrix to formulate a response.
Explain the respiratory system's response to exercise.
5 marks
WRITING TASK - GLUE
WRITING TASK - GLUE
Assess your response by applying the GLUE method. Highlight the following:
Green - Specific verb requirements/language
Pink - Links to the question
Orange - Syllabus-specific content
Yellow - Examples
Award yourself a mark out of 5.
Annotate what you did well and areas for improvement.
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body via blood vessels. It delivers essential nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products. Key components include:
Heart: Pumps blood with every beat.
Blood Vessels: A network of arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (bring blood back to the heart), and capillaries (where nutrients and waste exchange occurs).
Blood: The transport fluid, carrying vital compounds like oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Structure and Function: Blood
Blood is thicker, heavier, and more viscous than water, making up about 8% of body weight. The average blood volume is 5–6L for males and 4–5L for females. Blood plays three key roles:
Transport: Delivers oxygen, glucose, and hormones, while removing waste like carbon dioxide and water.
Regulation: Helps maintain body temperature, pH, and fluid balance through processes like vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Protection: Clots wounds and carries immune cells to fight infections.
Activity - Components of Blood
Read through the text on pages 210. In your books, summarise and describe the following components of blood:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets
Activity - Components of Blood
While all components of blood are essential for human function, red blood cells play a particularly vital role in supporting sports and performance. Complete the research task below, exploring RBC in greater depth.
Red Blood Cells in Sport.docxACTIVITY
Complete the activity sheet below the components of blood.
Components of Blood Worksheet.pdfStructure and Function: Heart
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located in the chest, slightly left of the sternum. Its primary role is to pump blood, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The heart has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and valves to ensure blood flows in one direction, maintaining circulation throughout the body. Blood is pumped via arteries, veins, and capillaries, maintaining circulation and supporting overall body function.
BUILD YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Read pages 211-212 of the Cambridge textbook and discuss.
Activity - Structure and Function: Heart
Watch the video exploring the bloods journey through the heart. As we watch the video, it will be paused so you have an opportunity to complete the cloze passage.
Then attempt the worksheets exploring the key characteristics and anatomy of the heart.
Structure and Function: Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are a network of tubes that transport blood throughout the body. There are three main types:
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygen-rich, except pulmonary arteries).
Veins: Return blood to the heart (usually oxygen-poor, except pulmonary veins).
Capillaries: Tiny vessels where nutrients and waste exchange occur between blood and tissues.
Activity - Structure and Function: Blood Vessels
Read through page 212 of the Cambridge textbook. Then complete the activity sheets exploring blood vessels.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
The circulatory system has two main pathways: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary circulation moves oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the heart. It passes through the following process:
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
Blood flows into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve.
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it spreads out into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed, and carbon dioxide is released into the alveoli.
Oxygenated blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which empty into the left atrium.
Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, providing oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It then collects oxygen-poor blood and returns it to the heart. It passes through the following process:
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
Blood flows into the left ventricle through the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta through the aortic valve.
The aorta distributes oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body through a network of arteries.
Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues, while carbon dioxide and waste are collected in the capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via veins, entering the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, completing the systemic circulation.
Gaseous Exchange: Internal Respiration
Similarly to external respiration in the respiratory system, internal respiration involves the exchange of gases, but this occurs at the tissue level. Once oxygen-rich blood reaches body tissues, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the surrounding tissue cells, where it is used for energy production. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product from cellular processes, diffuses out of the cells into the blood. This carbon dioxide-rich, deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart, where it is pumped to the lungs for removal during external respiration.
Activity - Recap
Activity - Recap
Watch the following video recapping the key content we have explored. Then answer the following:
How does oxygen bind to RBC to be transported around the body?
Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Distinguish between internal and external respiration (gaseous exchange).
Outline the key features of arteries, veins and blood vessels.
Define the term diffusion and explain its importance in the cardiorespiratory system.
Factors that impact the efficiency of the cardiovascular system
As a class read through pages 215-216 of the textbook.
Describe three factors that impact the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
WRITING TASK - RESPONSE WRITING
CUBE the following question. Then use your verb sheet and ALARM matrix to formulate a response.
Explain the interrelationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems and movement – 5 marks
WRITING TASK - GLUE
WRITING TASK - GLUE
Assess your response by applying the GLUE method. Highlight the following:
Green - Specific verb requirements/language
Pink - Links to the question
Orange - Syllabus-specific content
Yellow - Examples
Award yourself a mark out of 5.
Annotate what you did well and areas for improvement.
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