University

Dad's Memoirs:

From letter to me dated March 3, 1972.

But I did spend three months in a summer course in Italy when I was only 18 years old, lived with an Italian family and got much out of it. At that time I had never lived anywhere but in Breslau, except for vacation trips.[1]

...

From his writing:

But in 1933 after the Nazis came into power, Jews were no longer accepted in German Universities - some who already attended could finish their studies, but under very degrading conditions. The question then arose what I should do. I was very anxious to get out of Germany father was still undecided and anticipated a short reign of Nazis, as did so many other German Jews. We were not rich enough to be able to afford just any foreign school. Father would have liked me to go to England where he had spent some happy years as a young man. But Germany had very strict currency export prohibition, and even if we had the money, it could not have been transferred abroad, except to a few countries, p-.e Italy. The Italian Consul in Breslau and his wife were father's patients and persuaded us to let me study in Italy. There were certain advantages. Mussolini had tried to attract foreigners to Italian Universities and offered discounts on tuition and on railroads etc. In addition one could transfer money to Italy without loss. But school did not start until October, and I did not want to linger in Germany. I was also not sure that father could really afford to support me there. Under normal circumstances I would have studied in Breslau and lived at home. But this was different. I had never been a Zionist, and Palestine was therefore not my goal, although one of my mother's cousins was a fervent Zionist and tried to persuade me. But then I thought that a future in agriculture would be useful, especially in animal husbandry which appealed to me. There were large estates in Czechoslovakia where one could be apprenticed at first and then attend University for an Ag. degree. But my father wanted me to start medicine in Switzerland where the semester began in May. I left Germany on April 1, 1933, the day of the boycott of Jewish businesses. First I traveled to Uhersky Brod to stay with Aunt Vally and my cousins to explore the situation there.

Bern

Dad's Memoirs:

After a couple of weeks I got a phone call from father to let me know that I had been accepted by the University of Bern. So I left Uh.Brod toward the end of April (1933) to start my medical education in Bern.

Of course I knew that this was only a temporary arrangement. Switzerland was even then very expensive, it was difficult to transfer funds from Germany to Switzerland and, finally, foreigners could not take the State Board Exam nor practice in the country. Therefore I did not study very assiduously, but took some courses in philosophy and psychology in addition to the prescribed courses in Chemistry, Physics and Botany. My social life was quite limited. I got together with some Jewish students from Lettland who were ardent Revisionist Zionists, followers of Vladimir Jabotinsky, who tried to convert me to their cause. At first I was somewhat intrigued - but soon realized that they were essentially Jewish Fascists. As I had already mentioned, I was never taken in by Zionism - but during my brief stay in Bern I did develop some interest in the movement.

Italian University ID Card

Florence

1933-1934


Bologna

1934-1937


Rome

Final school: 1937-1938

Re: Expulsion of Jews[2]

Ministry of National Education

November 2, 1938

Hon. Ministry of the Interior (General Directorates for Demography and Race) has transmitted to this Ministry a request from you, directed to S.E. Count Galleazo Ciano, with whom you ask that you be allowed to study near the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the Royal University of Rome.

In Proposition VI we inform you that this request cannot be accepted, subject to the provisions in force for Jewish students of German nationality.

Notes:

  1. Interesting that he learned Italian before he went to study in Bern.

  2. According to Wikipedia, the Racial Laws were enacted in October 1938, to become effective November 17. So Dad, trying to complete his studies, appears to have asked for an exemption (writing to the Foreign Minister Ciano, but that request was forwarded to the Interior Ministry, which in turn forwarded the response to the Ministry of National Education to deliver to Dad). However, an article in Haaretz says that the relevant law was approved on September 1 and that "[t]he following day, all Jewish students and teachers were expelled from Italian schools and universities, effective October 16, 1938. The only exception to be made was for locally born Jewish university students, who were to be permitted to finish their studies." So, I guess Dad was trying to get himself within that exemption.
    As Dad wrote, while he was expelled from school, Italy never enforced the rules to expel him from Italy, so he remained not in school and without a work permit.
    In 1938, at least, Dad lived at via Livorno 71. Looking at Google Maps, my guess is that the building has been replaced (street view looks newer). Also, would appear to have been with 2 km of the Medical School.