Title of Assessment
Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA)
Author(s)
Naomi Katz, Malka Ilzkovich, Sarah Avrtbuch, & Betty Elazar
Year of Publication/Publisher
1989
Identify Type of Assessment
standardized in Western population
non-standardized in other populations
observation based
normative
criterion reference
Cost (identify source) & How to Access Assessment (include link if possible)
$330
Population (who it is appropriate for [age, diagnosis, etc.])
individuals up to 70 years old with stroke, dementia, TBI, CNS dysfunction, intellectual disabilities, mental illness, learning difficulties, and aphasia.
Appropriate Settings (potential practice settings appropriate to administer assessment in)
SNF
acute hospital
inpatient
outpatient
community
home health
Purpose of Assessment & Function(s)/Area(s) Assessed
measure cognitive skills required for everyday functioning. includes orientation, visual perception, psychomotor abilities, problem-solving skills, and thinking operations.
Administration (time to administer, group/individual, if there are subtests, can they be completed individually, are there specific instructions to ensure standardization, etc.)
45 minutes (can be 30-90 minutes)
it consists of 20 items with 4 areas: orientation (2 items), perception (6 items), visuomotor organization (7 items), and thinking operations (5 items).
User Qualifications
Occupational Therapist
Materials Required
card decks, colored blocks, pegboard set, and manual
Scoring Procedure (how is assessment scored and what does score indicate)
subtests are scored 1-4
1: client fails to perform
2: client is able to perform part of the task
3: client is able to perform most of the task
4: client demonstrates good performance of the task
Psychometrics/Standardization (norms, reliability/validity studies)
internal consistency (0.85, 0.87, 0.95)
inter-rater reliability (0.82-0.97)
content validity
adequate correlation for criterion validity (0.55)
suitable construct validity
Strengths & Weaknesses of Assessment
strengths
assesses multiple different areas of cognitive functioning
pretty good reliability and validity
weaknesses
culture can impact the construct validity when used with a pediatric population
References
McDermott, A., & Korner-Bitensky, N. (2023). Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment. Stroke Engine. Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) – Strokengine
Title of Assessment
Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment- Geriatric (LOTCA-G)
Author(s)
Malka Ilzkovich, Sarah Avrtbuch, & Betty Elazar
Year of Publication/Publisher
1989
Identify Type of Assessment
standardized in the western population
non-standardized in other populations
observation based
normative
criterion reference
Cost (identify source) & How to Access Assessment (include link if possible)
$290-$320
Population (who it is appropriate for [age, diagnosis, etc.])
individuals 70-91 years old experiencing cognitive disabilities, stroke, dementia, TBI, CNS dysfunction, intellectual disabilities, mental illness, learning difficulties, and aphasia.
Appropriate Settings (potential practice settings appropriate to administer assessment in)
SNF
acute hospital
inpatient
outpatient
community
home health
Purpose of Assessment & Function(s)/Area(s) Assessed
measure cognitive skills required for everyday functioning. includes orientation, visual perception, psychomotor abilities, problem-solving skills, and thinking operations.
Administration (time to administer, group/individual, if there are subtests, can they be completed individually, are there specific instructions to ensure standardization, etc.)
30-45 minutes
contains 23 subtests in 7 cognitive areas: orientation, visual perception, spatial perception, praxis, visuomotor organization, thinking operations, and memory.
User Qualifications
Occupational Therapist
Materials Required
card decks, colored blocks, pegboard set, and manual
Scoring Procedure (how is assessment scored and what does score indicate)
all subtests are scored on a scale of 1-4 except orientation. a score of 1 indicates severe deficits and 4 indicates average performance. orientation is scored on a 1-8 scale, meaning the same thing just spread out more.
Psychometrics/Standardization (norms, reliability/validity studies)
convergent/discriminant validity
Strengths & Weaknesses of Assessment
strengths
modifications can be made to make it easier to understand and accessible for older clients (larger materials, less detail, shorter subtests, multiple choice questions, additional memory tests not included in the original
weakness
modifications impact the standardization of the assessment
References
McDermott, A., & Korner-Bitensky, N. (2023). Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment. Stroke Engine. Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) – Strokengine