A mathematical model that incorporates the three spatial dimensions and the one temporal dimension, is known as a model of Spacetime.
Space and time and united in Spacetime in a single 4-dimensional manifold. There is something known as a spacetime diagram which can be used to visualize relativistic effects.
It was thought until the 20th century that the three spatial dimensions were something independent from the one temporal dimension. Albert Einstein helped to develop the idea of Spacetime with his theory of relativity. Einstein introduced Special relativity in 1905 as a theory of space and time.
In 1907, Herman Minkowski, introduced Minkowski space, a geometric formulation of Einstein's special theory of relativity where the geometry includes not only space, but also time.
Minkowski space is the most common mathematical structure upon which special relativity is based.
Minkowski space differs from 4-dimensionsional Euclidean space.
Absolute space
To Isaac Newton, as he articulates his ideas on space in his Principia Mathematica, declares space, along with time as absolute and immutable, providing the universe with a rigid, unchangeable arena. Space for Newton, was the invisible scaffolding that gave the universe shape and structure. Not everyone agreed with Newton, that we should ascribe existence to something that we cannot feel or grasp. However, this idea held sway for about 200 years.