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Nicolaus Copernicus, lived from 1473 to 1543. He was a Renaissance-era polymath. His theory of the Universe places the Sun at the center, rather than the Earth at its center. This was independent of Aristarchus of Samos, who formulated similar ideas some 18 centuries earlier. The title of his book was De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, which means "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." It was published just before his death in 1543. This marked a major event in science: The Copernican Revolution, a major contribution to the Scientific Revolution.
Copernicus' planetary observations:
3 of Mercury
1 of Venus
4 of Mars
4 of Jupiter
4 of Saturn
Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to actual predictive geometric astronomy. The theory had been formulated by 1510.
Ptolemy's geocentric model, which had existed prior, has been accepted since ancient times.
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