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Meteor Crater is a "Hydro Therm" ...
Meteor Crater is a "Hydro Therm" ...
The Arizona crater has been considered the example of impact craters for over half a century. The UM introduces numerous empirical evidences that will confirm that there was no impact and that Barringer Crater was formed by a steam explosion.
Arizona "meteor crater" - No Meteor found...
Grove K Gilbert - Chief geologist for USGS, provided the first scientific studey of the crater (1891) - he concluded it was the result of a volcanic steam explosion rather than an impact of a meteorite.
No oblique debris field
Lack of Impact glass
Lack of melt-evident meteorites - limesonte in crater un-heated by high speed impact
Lack of shrapnel fragments - amount of iron within the crater is insufficent to produce the crater
Lack of residual "vaporized material"
Multiple iron sources require multiple impacts/multiple craters... not one.
No well-formed shatter cones have been found at Meteor Crater - O. Richard Norton
Presence of Widmantatten patten in meteorites
Gilbert had hypothesized that the crater must have been the result of either a gas explosion or a meteorite. Gilbert's conclusion was that the crater could not be the result of an impact, and therefore could only be the result of an explosion.
Daniel Barringer, mining millionare and amature "geologist" ...bought "Coon Mountain"... renaming it "Barringer Crater"
Harvey H. Nininger - self-taught meteoriticist and educator who founded the American Meteorite Museum, which was first located near Meteor Crater, Arizona (1942–1953), then in Sedona, Arizona (1953–1960)
Eugene M. Shoemaker - Astrogeoligist for USGS - studied Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, and along with Edward Chao, provided the first conclusive evidence of its origin as an impact crater.
"“all the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened..."
Published 9:16, 28 March 2023 BST
Back in 2014 scientists discovered that we essentially have a reservoir of water hidden beneath our feet - 400 miles underground, so it's not exactly accessible. It's contained inside a blue rock known as 'ringwoodite' in the Earth's mantel, which acts as a sort of sponge for that huge body of H2O - The watery rock was discovered by scientists from Northwestern University in Illinois using seismometers to measure the waves being generated by earthquakes across the US - https://www.unilad.com/news/ocean-beneath-earths-surface-199524-20230328
1908 - Holisinger map
1908 - Holisinger map
Niniger found that the "iron spheroids" were distribued in a non-random pattern, and concluded that they have to be from "multiple impacts"...
And that...
And that...
"No one who has had considerable experience in etching and studying meteorites can possibly concieve of these irons as havig come from the same partental mass... any more than one could concieve of an elm leaf and an oak leaf comeing fom the same tree."
Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn
In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft started multiple close flybys of Enceladus. Cassini discovered water-rich plumes venting from the south polar region. Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen, other volatiles, and solid material, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200 kg (440 lb) per second. Over 100 geysers have been identified. Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes, and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's E ring.
Barringer created the "Standard Iron Company" in order to mine the crater for the iron that he assumed must be buried below its surface. The Standard Iron Company conducted drilling operations in and around the crater between 1903 and 1905, and concluded that the crater had indeed been caused by a violent impact. Barringer spent years overseeing mining operations at the bottom, digging hole after fruitless hole. He expected to hit iron within 10 or 15 feet, if that.
Over the next 27 years, he dedicated himself not only to finding the immense meteorite that caused the crater, but... He/they were never able to find the meteorite. The mining of the crater continued until 1929 without ever finding the ten-million ton meteorite that Barringer assumed must be hidden. Barringer spent over $600,000 in mining the crater, bankrupting him ...with no iron profits to show for it.
Barringer plowed on. He was convinced that up to 10 million tons of iron, worth hundreds of billions of dollars, was there, as detailed in “A Grand Obsession.” All he had to do was find it. Losses piled up faster than disappointment. Even as investors pulled out, Barringer found others willing to fund the operation. Pride fueled Barringer’s efforts as much as the promise of fortune. He sought out geologists, mathematicians and other experts who could prove the crater was caused by the elusive meteorite.
By 1928, Barringer had sunk the majority of his fortune into the crater — roughly $7 million in today’s dollars. That's when news from a respected astronomer came crashing down. F.R. Moulton calculated that a meteor weighing just 300,000 tons packed enough of a punch to gouge a hole the size of Barringer's crater. The astronomer said the impact would generate enough heat and energy to vaporize the meteorite. That explained the bits of iron scattered for miles. The last of the investors pulled out. With neither the will nor the money to go on, Barringer shut down operations in 1929. He died a few weeks later at the age of 69...
The Barringers are tied to this place. Their fortune was lost here, and overshadowed by what this place would become — a landmark forever tied to the Barringer name and steeped in family lore. In the 1940s, after the Barringers fended off attempts by the federal and state governments to take over the crater, the family took initial steps to turn the landmark into a commercial venture. The Barringers partnered with the Bar-T-Bar cattle ranch, which owned much of the land surrounding the crater, to open the crater as a tourist destination.
The Holsinger meteorite DID NOT come from the Barringer Crater... the new corporation bought it, and placed it in the Visitor's Center. This "fragment" was supposedly "discovered eight miles east of the crater" or almost twice as distant as any fragments of the ejected limestone. - The Origen of Hypotheses, Illustrated byt he Discussion of a Topographic Problem; G.K. Gilvbery, Science, Vol 3 No. 53, 3 January 1896, p. 12
The scientific commuinty can NOT accept that this is a Hydrotherm - because in 1953, Clair Cameron Patterson measured ratios of the lead isotopes in samples of the meteorite. The result permitted a refinement of the estimate of the age of the Earth to 4.550 billion years (± 70 million years)
March 8, 1976 - The Kirin Fall occure in China. 1,778 kg meteor penetrated 6.5 meters (21 feet) in to the soil and producate a "crater" several meters in diamater, with a "rim" of 2.1 feet in height. The Hoba meteorite (60 tons) and the Willamette meteorite (15 tons) left no crater(s) at all...???
NOTES:
Kola-12 (Russia) Deep Bore Hole: https://www.sciencealert.com/kola-borehole-deepest-hole-in-the-world#
Unexpected WATER at those depths
only 365 degrees heat... or not?
Other deep holes... what we thought we knew about geology is wrong?
Nothing was the way they expected... but, they closed the hole because "there was nothing more to be learned"?
YouTube: https://youtu.be/zz6v6OfoQvs
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