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The Smithsonian's very first foray into ancient archaeology was a smash success.
The "Mound Builder" cultures they "discovered" span the period of roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th century CE, including the Archaic period, Woodland period (Calusa culture, Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period and sparked an epoch of phenomenal "discovery" in the American midwest, eventually mapping more than 2,500 sites.
E.G. Squire and Edwin H. Davis included a large collection of survey maps and descriptions of ancient artifacts that provided insight into these ancient cultures—making the Smithsonian Institution's choice of Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, as the first-ever publication on any subject. In the wake of Squier and Davis’s report, questions were still looming about who the people were that built such amazing earthwork structures and mounds, which provided evidence of an understanding of higher mathematics, advanced engineering, and the cosmos?
These questions became a problem for the USA, because as the country pushed westward, in pursuit of "Manifest Destiny" they kept breaking treaties with Native American populations, forceably removing them time and again from reservations and lands the USA promised to give them "forever". Fundamentally, the general public will not support military removal of "Indians" who have advanced culture, mathematics, engineering & astronomical sciences...
E. G. Squire eventually self published his third report, under the title Antiquities of the State of New York: (1851)
E.G. Squire spend nearly three decades of his life surveying the Hopewell mounds. However, Mr. Squire eventually got sideways with the Smithsonian, and got fired because of what he called "heavy editing" of his official reports.
Squire and Davis's first report was published prior to Major John Wesley Powell being appointed as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, which was established within the Smithsonian Institution.
"So thoroughly did Powell discredit all purported findings of ancient Indians that a later director of the Bureau of Ethnology admitted that for decades it was a career-killer for an archaeologist to claim to have discovered indications of a respectable antiquity for the Indian."
-- Charles Mann, p. 148.
What specifically the Smithsonian/Powell want them to take out?
What specifically the Smithsonian/Powell want them to take out?
The fact that these were military fortifications, and that there was evidence of massive warfare/death of thousands;
"Human bones have been discovered ...in nearly every part of the trench skeletons of adults of both sexes, of children, and infants... They seem to have been thrown together promiscuously. The skulls were in some cases fractured, as if by a blow from a hatchet or club. "
There are a dozen testimonies by men like E.G. Squire and Edwin H. Davis who actually dug the mounds, that these "fortifications" being selected for their military advantage of high ground or water sources within the walls...
https://erenow.net/common/lost-american-antiquities-a-hidden-history-silencing-the-ancient-mound-builders/12.phpThe men who did the digging KNEW that these structures were the desperate last stand for the civilization they dug up.
"And now it came to pass that Moroni did not stop making preparations for war, or to defend his people against the Lamanites; for he caused that his armies should commence in the commencement of the twentieth year of the reign of the judges, that they should commence in digging up heaps of earth round about all the cities, throughout all the land which was possessed by the Nephites.
"Now behold, the Lamanites could not get into their forts of security by any other way save by the entrance, because of the highness of the bank which had been thrown up, and the depth of the ditch which had been dug round about, save it were by the entrance."
"...and he [Moroni] caused that they should build a breastwork of timbers upon the inner bank of the ditch; and they cast up dirt out of the ditch against the breastwork of timbers; and thus they did cause the Lamanites to labor until they had encircled the city of Bountiful round about with a strong wall of timbers and earth, to an exceeding height."
"...upon the top of these ridges of earth he caused that there should be timbers, yea, works of timbers built up to the height of a man, round about the cities."
When NA make forts, it's a mystery... but, when Englishmen do it
When NA make forts, it's a mystery... but, when Englishmen do it
Litterally hundreds of arrowheads, stockpilled within the "forts"...
Burials at different layers/times... TEL Jericho or Mayan Temple
Again, thousands of un-shot projectile points...
The “bone pits” which occur in some parts of Western New York, Canada and Michigan, etc., have unquestionably a corresponding origin…. They are of various sizes, but usually contain a large number of skeletons. In a few instances the bones appear to have been arranged with some degree of regularity. One of these pits discovered some years ago, in the town of Cambia, Niagara County, was estimated to contain the bones of several thousand individuals. …
This locality was visited and examined by Mr. O. Turner, of Buffalo, in 1823. The account of this gentleman is published in his history of the “Holland purchase,” page 27 as follows:
“The location commands a view of Lake Ontario and the surrounding country. An area of six acres of level land seems to have been occupied; fronting which, upon the circular verge of the mountain, were the distinct remains of a wall. Nearly in the centre of the area was a depository of the dead. It was a pit excavated to a depth of four or five feet, filled with human bones, over which were piles of sandstone. Hundreds seem to have been thrown in promiscuously, of both sexes and all ages. Numerous barbs or arrow-points were found among the bones and in the vicinity. It has been conjectured that this had been the scene of some sanguinary battle, and that these are the bones of the slain.”
Cyrus Thomas (remember this name, he comes up again below) took over the work of Squire and Davis published his conclusions in the 1879-1880 - Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1894), now considered to be the final word in the controversy of the mounds’ origins.
Powell would remain at the Bureau of Ethnology until his death in 1902, which in spite of never having a staff never larger than twenty, the somehow became recognized as the foremost authority on the study of American Indians.
Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, respected Paleontologist and a personal friend of both Huxley and Darwin, said publically of Powell...
“He was more than an illustrious scientist with firsthand knowledge of the West; he was a man of power, shrewd in political manipulation, solidly backed."
For political reasons, specifically America's westward expansion under "Manifest Destiny", the "official" scientific position of the Smithsonian, had to create, or at least allow, moral justification for the USA's inhumane treatment of Native Americans. Fundamentally, the general public will not support military removal of "Indians" who have advanced culture, mathematics, engineering & astronomical sciences... Sadly this racist cover up of archaeological evidence has continued in America for ~150 yrs.
"Page 2" of the Smithsonian's Current Official statement still reads;
"The physical type of the American Indian is basically Mongoloid, being most closely related to that of the peoples of eastern. central, and northeastern Asia. Archeological evidence indicates that the ancestors of the present Indians cane into the New World - probably over a land bridge known to have existed in the Being Strait region during the last Ice Age - in a continuing series of small migrations beginning from about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago"
http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/smithsonianletter2.htm
Did you catch the lie(s)?
Did you catch the lie(s)?
But, the one Smithsonian artifiact that Powell would spend the most time/effort to "erase" comes from Alma 46:13 and the story of Captian Moroni, who tore up his coat, wrote on it, fastened to a pole and called it the "Title of Liberty" - the specific verse says
"And he fastened on his HEAD-PLATE, and his breastplate, and his shields, and girded on his armor about his loins..."
- Most church members automatically translate this description mentally to him wearing a "helmet"... because that is our background/culture, European knights have helmets, and the way but that is NOT what the text says.
Joseph Smith published the Book of Mormon 16 yrs before Squire and Davis published
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: http://scienceviews.com/squier/ancientmonumentstitle.html, yet...
But, then... after 100 years of being on display at the Smithsonian
But, then... after 100 years of being on display at the Smithsonian
The Bat Creek stone [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_Creek_inscription] hung in the Smithsonian for nearly 100 years as an "authentic" artifact, until 1970 when Cyrus H. Gordon noticed that it was actually hung upside down, and when reversed, actually contained a paleo Hebrew inscription which reads "for Judea"...
Then it took ~30 yrs for main stream academics and scientists to have the stone dismissed as a "hoax", removing it from public display at the Smithsonian, and having it trasnfered to claiming it had been copied from 1870 Masonic reference book.
However, they seem to have forgotten that Smithsonian archaeologists dug up this stone in 1889 under the direction of their own Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey team, led by entomologist Cyrus Thomas (see above) the man Powell hired to replace Squire and Davis...
And, how successful was this technique?
And, how successful was this technique?
On the handle, the creator gave us an illustration on how it is to be used...
Precolumbian Portfolio collection, photo by Justin Kerr of Tikal, Guatemala
The most commonly recognized "Jewish" object in the world... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad
A yad (Hebrew: יד, literally "hand"; Yiddish: האַנט hant, "hand") is a Jewish ritual pointer, popularly known as a Torah pointer, used by the reader to follow the text during the Torah reading from the parchment Torah scrolls. It is often shaped like a long rod, capped by a small hand with its index finger pointing from it. Use of the yad ensures that the parchment is not touched during the reading and is considered a hidur mitzvah ("embellishment of the commandment") of reading the Torah.
And, also this...
And, also this...
Schele Number: 45072
Description: Sculpture fragments from Structure 16?
"Star of David" on the wall at the synagogue of Capernaum in Israel =>
While serving in Guatemala in 1986-87,
I personally clipped this article from the Church News. In those years, missionaries mail was often 3-4 months old by the time it reached the jungle villages where we were serving, so I do not know the exact month, or year for that matter, but I believe it was published in 1987 =>
This interlocking "star of David" was originally found in 1970 by G. Lynn Justice. Elder Justice later served as the director of temporal affairs in Guatemala for the Church of Jesus Christ of Later Day Saints and returned to the ruins in Copan to photograph "the star" he had seen years earlier...
The internet has allowed non-institutionalized scientists/professionals to weigh in on the validity of the Bat Creek stone and it's translation "For Judah"
The internet has allowed non-institutionalized scientists/professionals to weigh in on the validity of the Bat Creek stone and it's translation "For Judah"
Bat Creek Stone Historical Overview...
History Channel says it is NOT a forgery
in depth forensic analysis @ ~8 min
Jewish Rabbi conversation @ ~25 min
Notes:
Notes:
Mark Twain popularized the saying in Chapters from My Autobiography, published in the North American Review in 1907. "Figures often beguile me," Twain wrote, "particularly when I have the arranging of them myself; in which case the remark attributed to Disraeli would often apply with justice and force: 'There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.'"[4] [1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies,_damned_lies,_and_statistics
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