Types of referencing

How to reference: most often you will use hypercitation.

What type of referencing to use?

During your Applied Humanities degree, it is up to you to decide which type of referencing is the most appropriate for the work you are producing.

For digital material, you should use hypercitation. This will be the form of referencing you use most often.

For Psychology-related work, use APA. For Law, it is OSCOLA. You might also use Newman Harvard referencing if you're working on developing an academic essay, and need to develop Harvard referencing skills, for example for a future PGCE or Masters degree.

How to reference: Newman Harvard

In Newman Harvard referencing, you reference in TWO places: in-text and in a reference list at the end of your work.

There are a lot of rules when it comes to referencing. Don't expect to memorize them - don't even try.

Always refer to a guide when you're creating your work. There are two useful guides:

Newman's guide to referencing.
- As part of this guide you can see examples of in-text and reference list references for a range of types of evidence.
Cite them right.
- This is an ebook (you'll need to log in to access it) and provides a comprehensive guide to referencing.

In-text references

In-text references are placed within the text you are writing. Inside paragraphs (or on slides of your PowerPoint). You should include an in-text reference every time you have used evidence or paraphrased someone else's work or ideas.

In-text references includes few details, usually just three things:

author surname
year of publication
page number

The purpose of an in-text reference is to provide your reader with enough information that they can find the full reference within the reference list, at the end of your work.

Reference list

A reference list is a complete list of references that you have referenced within your work, with full details about the evidence.

For every in-text reference included within your work, there should be a detailed reference in your reference list. A reference list should be included at the end of your work, whether that is an essay, or PowerPoint.

References in the reference list contain all the information the reader need to locate the evidence for themselves. What information is included depends on the type of evidence, but generally the information included is the author's surname and initial, the year of publication, title of the work, place of pulication and name of publisher.

The information required varies depending on what type of evidence you are referencing. Have a go at assembling the below reference for a book:

To find out how to reference other types of evidence, use these guides:

A guide to in-text referencing

A guide to referencing in a reference list

A Newman Harvard referencing short-cut

Library search provides a useful short-cut to generating a Harvard-style reference for your reference list.

This video demonstrates how to use this short-cut. But be careful, this short-cut isn't perfect.

There is still work you'll need to do. Remember:

Newman Harvard referencing isn't exactly the same as Harvard referencing, so you may well need to tweak the reference you've generated using library search's cite function.

Try out Newman Harvard referencing with this quiz

How to reference: APA (Psychology)

APA is a form of in-text referencing. As with Newman Harvard, you'll reference in TWO places: in-text and in the reference list at the end of your work.

APA is a form of in-text referencing most often used in Psychology fields. Find a guide here.

How to reference: OSCOLA (Law)

OSCOLA uses a system of footnote referencing. You'll reference in TWO places: in footnotes and in the reference list at the end of your work.

OSCOLA is a footnote style of referencing used in the field of Law. Find a guide here.

Further referencing guides

The Library runs referencing workshops: book here. Learning Development also run workshops: go here.

Or, watch this 15-minute introduction to referencing, or use the comprehensive guide to referencing: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. London: Bloomsbury Study Skills.

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