05. ספרות

רדיקלים חופשיים - ספרות מצוטטת, ורלוונטית

• 1. Acworth, I.N., Bailey, B. (1997). Reactive Oxygen Species. In: The handbook of oxidative metabolism. Massachusetts: ESA Inc, p. 1-1 to 4-4. 

  2. Alam, Z. I., Jenner, A., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Cairns, N., Marsden, C. D., Jenner, P., Halliwell, B. (1997) Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. J. Neurochem. 69, 1196–1203 

  3. Alam, Z. I., Halliwell, B., Jenner, P. (2000) No evidence for increased oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, or DNA in Huntington's disease. J. Neurochem. 75, 840–846 

  4. Alessio, H.M., Blasi, E. R.(1997) Physical activity as a natural antioxidant booster and its effect on a healthy lifestyle. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 68 (4): 292-302. 

  5. Asagoshi, K., Yamada, T., Okada, Y., Terato, H., Ohyama, Y.,Seki, S., Ide, H. (2000) Recognition of formamidopyrimidine by Escherichia coli and mammalian thymine glycol glycosylases. Distinctive paired base effects and biological and mechanistic implications. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24781–24786 

  6. Asagoshi, K., Yamada, T., Okada, Y., Terato, H., Ohyama, Y., Seki, S., Ide, H. (2000) Recognition of formamidopyrimidine by Escherichia coli and mammalian thymine glycol glycosylases. Distinctive paired base effects and biological and mechanistic implications. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24781–24786 

  7. Audebert, M., Chevillard, S., Levalois, C., Gyapay, G., Vieillefond, A., Klijanienko, J., Vielh, P., El Naggar, A. K., Oudard, S., Boiteux, S., et al. (2000) Alterations of the DNA repair gene OGG1 in human clear cell carcinomas of the kidney. Cancer Res. 60, 4740–4744 

  8. Awasthi YC, Yang Y, Tiwari NK, Patrick B, Sharma A, Li J, Awasthi S. (2004) Regulation of 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated signaling by glutathione S-transferases. Free Rad Biol Med. 37(5):607-19. 

  9. Baker, D., Liu, P., Burdzy, A., Sowers, L. C. (2002) Characterization of the substrate specificity of a human 5-hydroxymethyluracil glycosylase activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15, 33–39 

  10. Bandaru, V., Sunkara, S., Wallace, S. S., Bond, J. P. (2002) A novel human DNA glycosylase that removes oxidative DNA damage and is homologous to Escherichia coli endonuclease VII. DNA Repair 1, 517–529 

  11. Barnett, Y. A., King, C. M. (1995) An investigation of antioxidant status, DNA repair capacity and mutation as a function of age in humans. Mutat. Res. 338, 115–128 

  12. Bashir, S., Harris, G., Denman, M. A., Blake, D. R., Winyard, P. G. (1993) Oxidative DNA damage and cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress in human autoimmune diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 52, 659–666 

  13. Beckman, K. B., Ames, B. N. (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol. Rev. 78, 547–581 

  14. Berneburg,M (1999) Singlet oxygen from ultraviolet light is believed to be the major contributor to "photoaging" of the skin. J. Biol. Chem. 274(22):15345-15349. 

  15. Bessho, T., Tano, K., Kasai, H., Ohtsuka, E., Nishimura, S. (1993) Evidence for two DNA repair enzymes for 8-hydroxyguanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine) in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19416–19421 

  16. Best, B. (2009) Mechanisms of aging. http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html 

  17. Bogdanov, M., Brown, R. H., Matson, W., Smart, R., Hayden, D., O'Donnell, H., Flint Beal, M., Cudkowicz, M. (2000) Increased oxidative damage to DNA in ALS patients. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29, 652–658 

  18. Bohr, V. A., Anson, R. M. (1995) DNA damage, mutation and fine structure DNA repair in aging. Mutat. Res. 338, 25–34 

  19. Boiteux, S., Gajewski, E., Laval, J., Dizdaroglu, M. (1992) Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli Fpg protein (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase): excision of purine lesions in DNA produced by ionizing radiation or photosensitization. Biochem 31, 106–110 

  20. Boiteux, S., Gajewski, E., Laval, J., Dizdaroglu, M. (1992) Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli Fpg protein (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase): excision of purine lesions in DNA produced by ionizing radiation or photosensitization. Biochem. 31,106 –110. 

  21. Boiteux, S., Radicella, J. P. (2000) The human OGG1 gene: structure, functions, and its implication in the process of carcinogenesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 377, 1–8 

  22. Boldogh, I., Milligan, D., Lee, M. S., Bassett, H., Lloyd, R. S., McCullough, A. K. (2001) hMYH cell cycle-dependent expression, subcellular localization and association with replication foci: evidence suggesting replication-coupled repair of adenine:8-oxoguanine mispairs. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2802–2809 

  23. Boorstein, R. J., Cummings, A., Jr., Marenstein, D. R., Chan, M. K., Ma, Y., Neubert, T. A., Brown, S. M., Teebor, G. W. (2001) Definitive identification of mammalian 5-hydroxymethyluracil DNA N-glycosylase activity as SMUG1. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41991–41997 

  24. Brack, C. (1997) NAC has been shown to extend the maximum lifespan of fruit flies by nearly a quarter, but the highest doses were toxic. Cell. Molec. Life Sci. 53(11-12):960-966 . 

  25. Breen, A. P., Murphy, J. A. (1995) Reactions of oxyl radicals with DNA. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 18, 1033–1077 

  26. Brooks, P. J., Wise, D. S., Berry, D. A., Kosmoski, J. V., Smerdon, M. J., Somers, R. L., Mackie, H., Spoonde, A. Y., Ackerman, E. J., Coleman, K., et al. (2000) The oxidative DNA lesion 8,5'-(S)-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine is repaired by the nucleotide excision repair pathway and blocks gene expression in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 22355–22362 

  27. Bruner, S. D., Norman, D. P., Verdine, G. L. (2000) Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-oxoguanine in DNA. Nature (London) 403, 859–866 

  28. Cadet, J., Berger, M., Buchko, G. W., Joshi, P. C., Raoul, S., Ravanat, J.-L. (1994) 2,2-Diamino-4-[3,5-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxybeta- D-erythrosepentofu-ranosyl) amino]-5-(2H)-oxazolone—a novel and predominant radical oxidation product of 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyguanosine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 7403–7404 

  29. Cadet, J., Berger, M., Decarroz, C., Mouret, J. F., Vanlier, J. E., Wagner, R. J. (1991) Photoinduced and radio-induced radical oxidation of the purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids. J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 88, 1021–1042 

  30. Cadet, J., Berger, M., Decarroz, C., Mouret, J. F., Vanlier, J. E., Wagner, R. J. (1991) Photoinduced and radio-induced radical oxidation of the purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids. J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 88, 1021–1042 

  31. Cannon-Carlson, S. V., Gokhale, H., Teebor, G. W. (1989) Purification and characterization of 5-hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase from calf thymus. Its possible role in the maintenance of methylated cytosine residues. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13306–13312 

  32. Cardin, R., Saccoccio, G., Masutti, F., Bellentani, S., Farinati, F., Tiribelli, C. (2001) DNA oxidative damage in leukocytes correlates with the severity of HCV-related liver disease: validation in an open population study. J. Hepatol. 34, 587–592 

  33. Carmichael, P. L., Hewer, A., Osborne, M. R., Strain, A. J., Phillips, D. H. (1995) Detection of bulky DNA lesions in the liver of patients with Wilson's disease and primary haemochromatosis. Mutat. Res. 326, 235–243 

  34. Chaung, W., Boorstein, R. J. (1997) Molecular spectrum of mutations induced by 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in (CHO)-PL61 cells. Mutat. Res. 373, 125–137 

  35. Chen CH, Budas GR, Churchill EN, Disatnik MH, Hurley TD, Mochly-Rosen D. Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 reduces ischemic damage to the heart. Science 2008; 321:1493-5. 

  36. Cheng, L., Spitz, M. R., Hong, W. K., Wei, Q. (2000) Reduced expression levels of nucleotide excision repair genes in lung cancer: a case-control analysis. Carcinogenesis 21, 1527–1530 

  37. Cheng, K. C., Cahill, D. S., Kasai, H., Nishimura, S., Loeb, L. A. (1992) 8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G—T and A—C substitutions. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 166–172 

  38. Cheng, L., Spitz, M. R., Hong, W. K., Wei, Q. (2000) Reduced expression levels of nucleotide excision repair genes in lung cancer: a case-control analysis. Carcinogenesis 21, 1527–1530 

  39. Chevillard, S., Radicella, J. P., Levalois, C., Lebeau, J., Poupon, M. F., Oudard, S., Dutrillaux, B., Boiteux, S. (1998) Mutations in OGG1, a gene involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage, are found in human lung and kidney tumours. Oncogene 16, 3083–3086 

  40. Clarkson P. M. Antioxidants and physical performance. Crit.Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35: 131-141, 1995. 

  41. Collins, A. R., Gedik, C. M., Olmedilla, B., Southon, S., Bellizzi, M. (1998) Oxidative DNA damage measured in human lymphocytes: large differences between sexes and between countries, and correlations with heart disease mortality rates. FASEB J. 12, 1397–1400 

  42. Comporti, M. et al (2008). Free radical Biology and Medicine 44: 247-256. 

  43. Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Lunec, J. (2002) Urinary analysis of oxidative DNA damage: lessons from lesions. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venerol. 137, 239–256 

  44. Cooke, M. S., Patel, K., Ahmad, J., Holloway, K., Evans, M. D., Lunec, J. (2001) Monoclonal antibody to single-stranded DNA: a potential tool for DNA repair studies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284, 232–238 

  45. Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Dizdaroglu, M., Lunec, J. (2003). Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease. FASEB J. 17, 1195–1214 

  46. Cooke, M. S., Mistry, N., Wood, C., Herbert, K. E., Lunec, J. (1997) Immunogenicity of DNA damaged by reactive oxygen species–implications for anti-DNA antibodies in lupus. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22, 151–159 

  47. Cooke, M. S., Mistry, N., Wood, C., Herbert, K. E., Lunec, J. (1997) Immunogenicity of DNA damaged by reactive oxygen species–implications for anti-DNA antibodies in lupus. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22, 151–159 

  48. Cooper, P. K., Nouspikel, T., Clarkson, S. G., Leadon, S. A. (1997) Defective transcription-coupled repair of oxidative base damage in Cockayne syndrome patients from XP group G. Science 275, 990–993 

  49. Cuzzocrea S., Mazzon E., Costantino G., Serraino I., De Sarro A., Caputi A. P.

  50. (2000) Effects of n-acetylcysteine in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cardiovas. Res. 47(3):537-548. 

  51. Dandona, P., Thusu, K., Cook, S., Snyder, B., Makowski, J., Armstrong, D., Nicotera, T. (1996) Oxidative damage to DNA in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 347, 444–445 

  52. David-Cordonnier, M. H., Boiteux, S., O'Neill, P. (2001) Efficiency of excision of 8-oxo-guanine within DNA clustered damage by XRS5 nuclear extracts and purified human OGG1 protein. Biochem 40, 11811–11818 

  53. David-Cordonnier, M. H., Boiteux, S., O'Neill, P. (2001) Efficiency of excision of 8-oxo-guanine within DNA clustered damage by XRS5 nuclear extracts and purified human OGG1 protein. Biochem 40, 11811–11818 

  54. de Boer, J., Hoeijmakers, J. H. (2000) Nucleotide excision repair and human syndromes. Carcinogenesis 21, 453–460 

  55. De Flora, S., Grassi, C., Carati L. (1997) Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1535–1541. 

  56. Degan, P., Bonassi, S., De Caterina, M., Korkina, L. G., Pinto, L., Scopacasa, F., Zatterale, A., Calzone, R., Pagano, G. (1995) In vivo accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA correlates with release of reactive oxygen species in Fanconi's anaemia families. Carcinogenesis 16, 735–741 

  57. Dekhuijzen P.N.R. (2004) Antioxidant properties of N acetylcysteine. Eur Respir J. 23:629-636. 

  58. Dekkers, J. C., L. J. P. van Doornen, Han C. G. Kemper. (1996). The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Enzymes in the Prevention of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Sports Med 21: 213-238, 

  59. Del Mastero, R.F. (1980) An approach to free radicals in medicine an biology. Acta. Phyiol. Scand. 492: 153-168. 

  60. Dherin, C., Radicella, J. P., Dizdaroglu, M., Boiteux, S. (1999) Excision of oxidatively damaged DNA bases by the human alpha-hOgg1 protein and the polymorphic alphahOgg1(Ser326Cys) protein which is frequently found in human populations. Nucl. Ac. Res. 27, 4001–4007 

  61. Dianov, G. L., Thybo, T., Dianova, I. I., Lipinski, L. J., Bohr, V. A. (2000) Single nucleotide patch base excision repair is the major pathway for removal of thymine glycol from DNA in human cell extracts. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11809–11813 

  62. Dianzani, M.U., (1985). Lipid peroxidation in ethanol poisoning: A critical reconsideration. Alc. Alcoholism 20: 161-173. 

  63. Dillard, C.J., R.E. Litov, W.M. Savin, E.E. Dumelin, Tappel., A. L. (1978) Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J. Appl. Physiol. 45: 927. 

  64. Dirksen, M. L., Blakely, W. F., Holwitt, E., Dizdaroglu, M. (1988) Effect of DNA conformation on the hydroxyl radicalinduced formation of 8,5'-cyclopurine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residues in DNA. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 54, 195–204 

  65. Dizdaroglu, M. (1992) Oxidative damage to DNA in mammalian chromatin. Mutat. Res. 275, 331–342 

  66. Dizdaroglu, M., Karahalil, B., Senturker, S., Buckley, T. J., and Roldan-Arjona, T. (1999) Excision of products of oxidative DNA base damage by human NTH1 protein. Biochem 38, 243–246 

  67. Dizdaroglu, M., Holwitt, E., Hagan, M. P., Blakely, W. F. (1986) Formation of cytosine glycol and 5,6-dihydroxycytosine in deoxyribonucleic acid on treatment with osmium tetroxide. Biochem. J. 235, 531–536 

  68. Dizdaroglu, M., Laval, J., Boiteux, S. (1993) Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli endonuclease III: excision of thymine- and cytosine-derived lesions in DNA produced by radiation-generated free radicals. Biochem 32, 12105–12111 

  69. Dizdaroglu, M. (1993) Quantitative determination of oxidative base damage in DNA by stable isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett. 315, 1–6 

  70. Dizdaroglu, M., Bauche, C., Rodriguez, H., Laval, J. (2000) Novel substrates of Escherichia coli nth protein and its kinetics for excision of modified bases from DNA damaged by free radicals. Biochem 39, 5586–5592 

  71. Dizdaroglu, M., Laval, J., Boiteux, S. (1993) Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli endonuclease III: excision of thymine- and cytosine-derived lesions in DNA produced by radiation-generated free radicals. Biochem 32, 12105–12111 

  72. Dizdaroglu, M. (1986) Free-radical-induced formation of an 8,5'-cyclo-2-deoxyguanosine moiety in deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem. J. 238, 247–254 

  73. Dizdaroglu, M., Dirksen, M. L., Jiang, H. X., Robbins, J. H. (1987) Ionizing-radiation-induced damage in the DNA of cultured human cells. Identification of 8,5-cyclo-2-deoxyguanosine. Biochem. J. 241, 929–932 

  74. Dizdaroglu, M., Karakaya, A., Jaruga, P., Slupphaug, G., Krokan, H. E. (1996) Novel activities of human uracil DNA N-glycosylase for cytosine-derived products of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 418–422 

  75. Duell, E. J., Wiencke, J. K., Cheng, T. J., Varkonyi, A., Zuo, Z. F., Ashok, T. D., Mark, E. J., Wain, J. C., Christiani, D. C., Kelsey, K. T. (2000) Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 and biomarkers of DNA damage in human blood mononuclear cells. Carcinogen. 21, 965–971 

  76. Dizdaroglu, M. (1998) Mechanisms of free radical damage to DNA. In DNA & Free Radicals: Techniques, Mechanisms & Applications (Aruoma, O. I. H., ed) pp. 3–26, OICA International, Saint Lucia 

  77. Doetsch, P. W., Zasatawny, T. H., Martin, A. M., Dizdaroglu, M. (1995) Monomeric base damage products from adenine, guanine, and thymine induced by exposure of DNA to ultraviolet radiation. Biochem. 34, 737–742 

  78. Drury, J. A., Jeffers, G., Cooke, R. W. (1998) Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in infants and children. Free Radic.Res. 28, 423–428 

  79. Duarte, V., Gasparutto, D., Jaquinod, M., Cadet, J. (2000) In vitro DNA synthesis opposite oxazolone and repair of this DNA damage using modified oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 1555–1563 

  80. Duell, E. J., Wiencke, J. K., Cheng, T. J., Varkonyi, A., Zuo, Z. F., Ashok, T. D., Mark, E. J., Wain, J. C., Christiani, D. C., Kelsey, K. T. (2000) Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 and biomarkers of DNA damage in human blood mononuclear cells. Carcinogen. 21, 965–971. 

  81. Eide, L., Luna, L., Gustad, E. C., Henderson, P. T., Essigmann, J. M., Demple, B., Seeberg, E. (2001) Human endonuclease III acts preferentially on DNA damage opposite guanine residues in DNA. Biochem. 40, 6653–6659 

  82. Esterbauer, H., Schaur, R.J., Zollner, H. Chemistry and Biochem of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Rad Biol Med. 1991 ;11:81-128. 

  83. Evans, M. D., Griffiths, H. R., Lunec, J. (1997) Reactive oxygen species and their cytotoxic mechanisms. In Mechanisms of Cell Toxicity (Chipman, J. K., ed) Vol. 20 pp. 25–73, JAI Press Inc., London 

  84. Farinati, F., Cardin, R., Degan, P., De Maria, N., Floyd, R. A., Van Thiel, D. H., Naccarato, R. (1999) Oxidative DNA damage in circulating leukocytes occurs as an early event in chronic HCV infection. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 1284–1291 

  85. Farinati, F., Cardin, R., Degan, P., Rugge, M., Mario, F. D., Bonvicini, P., Naccarato, R. (1998) Oxidative DNA damage accumulation in gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 42, 351–356 

  86. Flanagan R. J., Meredith T. J.(1991) Use of N-acetylcysteine in clinical toxicology. Am J Med. 91(3C):131S–139S 

  87. Finaud J., Lac G., Filaire E. (2006) Oxidative stress: relationship with exercise and training. Sports Med. 36(4): 327-358. 

  88. Forsberg, L., de Faire, U., Morgenstern, R. (2001) Oxidative stress, human genetic variation, and disease. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 389, 84–93 

  89. Fraga, C. G., Motchnik, P. A., Shigenaga, M. K., Helbock, H. J., Jacob, R. A., Ames, B. N. (1991) Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11003–11006 

  90. Frelon, S., Douki, T., Cadet, J. (2002) Radical oxidation of the adenine moiety of nucleoside and DNA: 2-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine is a minor decomposition product. Free Radic. Res. 36, 499–508 

  91. Frenkel, K., Karkoszka, J., Glassman, T., Dubin, N., Toniolo, P., Taioli, E., Mooney, L. A., Kato, I. (1998) Serum autoantibodies recognizing 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, an oxidized DNA base, as biomarkers of cancer risk in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7, 49–57 

  92. Frenkel, K., Karkoszka, J., Kim, E., Taioli, E. (1993) Recognition of oxidized DNA bases by sera of patients with inflammatory diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 14, 483–494 

  93. Frenkel, K. (1992) Carcinogen-mediated oxidant formation and oxidative DNA damage. Pharmacol. Ther. 53, 127–166 

  94. Fujikawa, K., Kamiya, H., Yakushiji, H., Fujii, Y., Nakabeppu, Y., Kasai, H. (1999) The oxidized forms of dATP are substrates for the human MutT homologue, the hMTH1 protein. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 18201–18205 

  95. Fujimoto, J., Tran, L., Sowers, L. C. (1997) Synthesis and cleavage of oligodeoxynucleo-tides containing a 5-hydroxyuracil residue at a defined site.Chem. Res.Toxicol.10,1254–1258 

  96. Ghosh, R., Mitchell, D. L. (1999) Effect of oxidative DNA damage in promoter elements on transcription factor binding. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 3213–3218 

  97. Gomez-Cabrera M. C, Domenech E, Viña J. (2008) Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med. 44(2):126-131 

  98. Griffiths, H. R., Moller, L., Bartosz, G., Bast, A., Bertoni-Freddari, C., Collins, A., Cooke, M., Coolen, S., Haenen, G., Hoberg, A. M., et al. (2002) 

  99. Galloway, A. M., Liuzzi, M., Paterson, M. C. (1994) Metabolic processing of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts in UV-treated human cells. Evidence for distinct excision-repair pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 974 –980 

  100. Goldfarb, A. H. Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 249-266, 1999. 

  101. Graziewicz, M. A., Zastawny, T. H., Olinski, R., Speina, E., Siedlecki, J., Tudek, B. (2000) Fapyadenine is a moderately efficient chain terminator for prokaryotic DNA polymerases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 75–83 

  102. Gu, Y., Parker, A., Wilson, T. M., Bai, H., Chang, D. Y., and Lu, A. L. (2002) Human MutY homolog, a DNA glycosylase involved in base excision repair, physically and functionally interacts with mismatch repair proteins human MutS homolog 2/human MutS homolog 6. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 11135–11142 

  103. Guillén, M. D., Cabo, N., Ibargoitia, M. L., Ruiz, A.(2005), Study of both sunflower oil and its headspace throughout the oxidation process. Occurrence in the headspace of toxic oxygenated aldehydes, J. Agr. Food Chem., 53:1093-1101 

  104. Haber C. A., Lam, T. K. T, Yu, Z., Gupta, N., Goh, T., Bogdanovic, E., Giacca, A., Fantus, G (2003) N-acetylcysteine and taurine prevent hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in vivo: possible role of oxidative stress . Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol, 285: E744-E753. 

  105. Hahm, K. B., Lee, K. J., Kim, J. H., Cho, S. W., Chung, M. H. (1998) Helicobacter pylori infection, oxidative DNA damage, gastric carcinogenesis, and reversibility by rebamipide. Dig. Dis. Sci. 43, 72S–77S 

  106. Halliwell, B., Chirico. S. (1993) Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement, and signficance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57: 715S-725S. 

  107. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge. J. (1985) The chemistry of oxygen radicals and other oxygen-derived species. In: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 20-64. 

  108. Halliwell, B. Gutteridge. J. (1996) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Clarendon Press, Oxford . 

  109. Hamilton, M. L., Van Remmen, H., Drake, J. A., Yang, H., Guo, Z. M., Kewitt, K., Walter, C. A., Richardson, A. (2001) Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10469–10474 

  110. Hanaoka, T., Sugimura, H., Nagura, K., Ihara, M., Li, X. J., Hamada, G. S., Nishimoto, I., Kowalski, L. P., Yokota, J., Tsugane, S. (2001) hOGG1 exon7 polymorphism and gastric cancer in case-control studies of Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians. Cancer Lett. 170, 53–61 

  111. Hardie, L. J., Briggs, J. A., Davidson, L. A., Allan, J. M., King, R. F., Williams, G. I., Wild, C. P. (2000) The effect of hOGG1 and glutathione peroxidase I genotypes and 3p chromosomalloss on 8-hydroxydeoxyguano-sine levels in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 21, 167–172 

  112. Haushalter, K. A., Todd Stukenberg, M. W., Kirschner, M. W., Verdine, G. L. (1999) Identification of a new uracil-DNA glycosylase family by expression cloning using synthetic inhibitors. Curr. Biol. 9, 174–185 

  113. Hayakawa, H., Taketomi, A., Sakumi, K., Kuwano, M., Sekiguchi, M. (1995) Generation and elimination of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, a mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis, in human cells. Biochem 34, 89–95 

  114. Hazra, T. K., Izumi, T., Boldogh, I., Imhoff, B., Kow, Y. W., Jaruga, P., Dizdaroglu, M., Mitra, S. (2002) Identification and characterization of a human DNA glycosylase for repair of modified bases in oxidatively damaged DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3523–3528 

  115. Hazra, T. K., Izumi, T., Maidt, L., Floyd, R. A., Mitra, S. (1998) The presence of two distinct 8-oxoguanine repair enzymes in human cells: their potential complementary roles in preventing mutation. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 5116–5122 

  116. Hazra, T. K., Kow, Y. W., Hatahet, Z., Imhoff, B., Boldogh, I., Mokkapati, S. K., Mitra, S., Izumi, T. (2002) Identification and characterization of a novel human DNA glycosylase for repair of cytosine-derived lesions. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30417–30420 

  117. Hazra, T. K., Izumi, T., Boldogh, I., Imhoff, B., Kow, Y. W., Jaruga, P., Dizdaroglu, M., Mitra, S. (2002) Identification and characterization of a human DNA glycosylase for repair of modified bases in oxidatively damaged DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3523–3528 

  118. Holliday, R.(2000) Somatic mutations and ageing.Mutat. Res.463,173–178 

  119. Honda, M., Yamada, Y., Tomonaga, M., Ichinose, H., and Kamihira, S. (2000) Correlation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, and clinical features of hematological disorders: a pilot study. Leuk. Res. 24, 461–468 

  120. Hu, J. J., Dubin, N., Kurland, D., Ma, B. L., and Roush, G. C. (1995) The effects of hydrogen peroxide on DNA repair activities.Mutat.Res. 336, 193–201 

  121. Hulbert, A., Rana T.,Couture, P.( 2002) “The acyl composition of mammalian phospholipids: an allometric analysis”, Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part B, 132, 515-527. Elsevier, USA 

  122. Ikeda, S., Biswas, T., Roy, R., Izumi, T., Boldogh, I., Kurosky, A., Sarker, A. H., Seki, S., and Mitra, S. (1998) Purification and characterization of human NTH1, a homolog of Escherichia coli endonuclease III. Direct identification of Lys-212 as the active nucleophilic residue. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 21585–21593 

  123. Ikeda, H., Hirato, J., Suzuki, N., Kuroiwa, M., Maruyama, K., and Tsuchida, Y. (2001) Detection of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in patients with hepatoblastoma and children with non-neoplastic disease. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 37, 505–510 

  124. Inoue, M., Osaki, T., Noguchi, M., Hirohashi, S., Yasumoto, K., and Kasai, H. (1998) Lung cancer patients have increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguano-sine levels in peripheral lung tissue DNA. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 89, 691–695 

  125. Izzotti, A., Cartiglia, C., Lewtas, J., and De Flora, S. (2001) Increased DNA alterations in atherosclerotic lesions of individuals lacking the GSTM1 genotype. FASEB J. 15, 752–757 

  126. Jackson, A. L., Chen, R., and Loeb, L. A. (1998) Induction of microsatellite instability by oxidative DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12468–12473 

  127. Jaruga, P., Zastawny, T. H., Skokowski, J., Dizdaroglu, M., and Olinski, R. (1994) Oxidative DNA base damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in human lung cancer. FEBS Lett. 341, 59–64 

  128. Juric G, Hlavka V. (1991). 4-Hydroxynonenal as a second messenger of free radicals and growth modifying factor. Free Rad Biol Med.;11:81-128. 

  129. Kasai, H., Yamaizumi, Z., Berger, M., and Cadet, J. (1992) Photosensitized formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'deoxyguanosine (8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguano-sine) in DNA by riboflavin: a non-singlet oxygen mediated reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.114, 9692–9694 

  130. Kato, J., Kobune, M., Nakamura, T., Kuroiwa, G., Takada, K., Takimoto, R., Sato, Y., Fujikawa, K., Takahashi, M., Takayama, T., et al. (2001) Normalization of elevated hepatic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in chronic hepatitis C patients by phlebotomy and low iron diet. Cancer Res. 61, 8697–8702 

  131. Kavli, B., Sundheim, O., Akbari, M., Otterlei, M., Nilsen, H., Skorpen, F., Aas, P. A., Hagen, L., Krokan, H. E., and Slupphaug, G. (2002) hUNG2 Is the major repair enzyme for removal of uracil from U:A matches, U:G mismatches, and U in single-stranded DNA, with hSMUG1 as a broad specificity backup. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 39926–39936 

  132. Kitada, T., Seki, S., Iwai, S., Yamada, T., Sakaguchi, H., and Wakasa, K. (2001) In situ detection of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in chronic human liver disease. J. Hepatol. 35, 613–618 

  133. Knuckey, N. W., Palm, D; Primiano, M, Epstein, M. H., Johanson, C. E. (1995) N-Acetylcysteine Enhances Hippocampal Neuronal Survival After Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Rats . Stroke 26(2):305-311. 

  134. Kohno, T., Shinmura, K., Tosaka, M., Tani, M., Kim, S. R., Sugimura, H., Nohmi, T., Kasai, H., and Yokota, J. (1998) Genetic polymorphisms and alternative splicing of the hOGG1 gene, that is involved in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in damaged DNA. Oncogene 16, 3219–3225 

  135. Koppele, J., Lucassen, P. J., Sakkee, A. N., van Asten, J. G., Ravid, R., Swaab, D. F., and van Bezooijen, C. F. A. (1996) 8-OHdG levels in brain do not indicate oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 17, 819–826 

  136. Krapfenbauer, K., Birnbacher, R., Vierhapper, H., Herkner, K., Kampel, D., and Lubec, G. (1998) Glycoxidation, and protein and DNA oxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin. Sci. (London) 95, 331–337 

  137. Kuraoka, I., Bender, C., Romieu, A., Cadet, J., Wood, R. D., and Lindahl, T. (2000) Removal of oxygen free-radical-induced 5',8-purine cyclodeoxynucleo-sides from DNA by the nucleotide excision-repair pathway in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3832–3837 

  138. Lee, S. H., and Blair, I. A. (2001) Oxidative DNA damage and cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 11, 148–155 

  139. Lee, B. M., Jang, J. J., and Kim, H. S. (1998) Benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-I-DNA and oxidative DNA adducts associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 125, 61–68 

  140. Leopold J., Loscalzo J. (2005). Oxidative Enzymopathies and Vascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25: 1102-1111. 

  141. Le Page, F., Klungland, A., Barnes, D. E., Sarasin, A., and Boiteux, S. (2000) Transcription coupled repair of 8-oxoguanine in murine cells: the ogg1 protein is required for repair in nontranscribed sequences but not in transcribed sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8397–8402 

  142. Le Page, F., Kwoh, E. E., Avrutskaya, A., Gentil, A., Leadon, S. A., Sarasin, A., and Cooper, P. K. (2000) Transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoguanine: requirement for XPG, TFIIH, and CSB and implications for Cockayne syndrome. Cell 101, 159–171 

  143. Le Page, F., Guy, A., Cadet, J., Sarasin, A., and Gentil, A. (1998) Repair and mutagenic potency of 8-oxoG:A and 8-oxoG:C base pairs in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 1276–1281 

  144. Lezza, A., Mecocci, P., Cormio, A., Flint Beal, M., Cherubini, A., Cantatore, P., Senin, U., and Gadaleta, M. N. (1999) Area-specific differences in OH8dG and mtDNA4977 levels in Alzheimer disease patients and aged controls. J. Anti-Aging Med. 2, 209–215 

  145. Lipinski, L. J., Hoehr, N., Mazur, S. J., Dianov, G. L., Senturker, S., Dizdaroglu, M., and Bohr, V. A. (1999) Repair of oxidative DNA base lesions induced by fluorescent light is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 3153–3158 

  146. Loft, S., Larsen, P. N., Rasmussen, A., Fischer-Nielsen, A., Bondesen, S., Kirkegaard, P., Rasmussen, L. S., Ejlersen, E., Tornoe, K., Bergholdt, R., et al. (1995) Oxidative DNA damage after transplantation of the liver and small intestine in pigs. Transplan. 59, 16–20 

  147. Lovell, M. A., Gabbita, S. P., and Markesbery, W. R. (1999) Increased DNA oxidation and decreased levels of repair products in Alzheimer's disease ventricular CSF. J. Neurochem. 72, 771–776 

  148. Luna, L., Bjoras, M., Hoff, E., Rognes, T., and Seeberg, E. (2000) Cell-cycle regulation, intracellular sorting and induced overexpression of the human NTH1 DNA glycosylase involved in removal of formamidopyrimidine residues from DNA. Mutat. Res. 460, 95–104 

  149. Lunec, J., Herbert, K., Blount, S., Griffiths, H. R., and Emery, P. (1994) 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine. A marker of oxidative DNA damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. FEBS Lett. 348, 131–138 

  150. Lyras, L., Perry, R. H., Perry, E. K., Ince, P. G., Jenner, A., Jenner, P., and Halliwell, B. (1998) Oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in cortical brain regions from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Neurochem. 71, 302–312 

  151. Malins, D. C., and Haimanot, R. (1991) Major alterations in the nucleotide structure of DNA in cancer of the female breast. Cancer Res. 51, 5430–5432 

  152. Martinet, W., Knaapen, M. W., De Meyer, G. R., Herman, A. G., and Kockx, M. M. (2001) Oxidative DNA damage and repair in experimental atherosclerosis are reversed by dietary lipid lowering. Circ. Res. 88, 733–739 

  153. Martinet, W., Knaapen, M. W., De Meyer, G. R., Herman, A. G., and Kockx, M. M. (2002) Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair enzymes in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 106, 927–932 

  154. Matsui, A., Ikeda, T., Enomoto, K., Hosoda, K., Nakashima, H., Omae, K., Watanabe, M., Hibi, T., and Kitajima, M. (2000) Increased formation of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, in human breast cancer tissue and its relationship to GSTP1 and COMT genotypes. Cancer Lett. 151, 87–95 

  155. Matsui, M., Nishigori, C., Toyokuni, S., Takada, J., Akaboshi, M., Ishikawa, M., Imamura, S., and Miyachi, Y. (1999) The role of oxidative DNA damage in human arsenic carcinogenesis: detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in arsenic-related Bowen's disease. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113, 26–31 

  156. Mazurek, A., Berardini, M., and Fishel, R. (2002) Activation of human MutS homologs by 8-oxo-guanine DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 8260–8266 

  157. McGoldrick, J. P., Yeh, Y. C., Solomon, M., Essigmann, J. M., and Lu, A. L. (1995) Characterization of a mammalian homolog of the Escherichia coli MutY mismatch repair protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 989–996 

  158. McGoldrick, J. P., Yeh, Y. C., Solomon, M., Essigmann, J. M., and Lu, A. L. (1995) Characterization of a mammalian homolog of the Escherichia coli MutY mismatch repair protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 989–996 

  159. Mecocci, P., Polidori, M. C., Ingegni, T., Cherubini, A., Chionne, F., Cecchetti, R., and Senin, U. (1998) Oxidative damage to DNA in lymphocytes from AD patients. Neurology 51, 1014–1017 

  160. Melvin, T., Botchway, S., Parker, A. W., and O'Neill, P. (1996) Induction of strand breaks in single-stranded polyribonucleotides and DNA by photosensitisation: one electron oxidized nucleobase radicals as precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 10031–10036 

  161. Miyabe, I., Zhang, Q. M., Kino, K., Sugiyama, H., Takao, M., Yasui, A., and Yonei, S. (2002) Identification of 5-formyluracil DNA glycosylase activity of human hNTH1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3443–3448 

  162. Musarrat, J., Arezina-Wilson, J., and Wani, A. A. (1996) Prognostic and aetiological relevance of 8-hydroxyguanosine in human breast carcinogenesis. Eur. J. Cancer 32A, 1209–1214 

  163. Nackerdien, Z., Kasprzak, K. S., Rao, G., Halliwell, B., and Dizdaroglu, M. (1991) Nickel(II)- and cobalt(II)-dependent damage by hydrogen peroxide to the DNA bases in isolated human chromatin. Cancer Res. 51, 5837–5842 

  164. Nagashima, M., Tsuda, H., Takenoshita, S., Nagamachi, Y., Hirohashi, S., Yokota, J., and Kasai, H. (1995) 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA of human breast cancer are not significantly different from those of non-cancerous breast tissues by the HPLC-ECD method. Cancer Lett. 90, 157–162 

  165. Nilsen, H., Haushalter, K. A., Robins, P., Barnes, D. E., Verdine, G. L., and Lindahl, T. (2001) Excision of deaminated cytosine from the vertebrate genome: role of the SMUG1 uracil-DNA glycosylase. EMBO J. 20, 4278–4286 

  166. Nilsen, H., Rosewell, I., Robins, P., Skjelbred, C. F., Andersen, S., Slupphaug, G., Daly, G., Krokan, H. E., Lindahl, T., and Barnes, D. E. (2000) Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG)-deficient mice reveal a primary role of the enzyme during DNA replication. Mol. Cell 5, 1059–1065 

  167. Ohtsubo, T., Nishioka, K., Imaiso, Y., Iwai, S., Shimokawa, H., Oda, H., Fujiwara, T., and Nakabeppu, Y. (2000) Identification of human MutY homolog (hMYH) as a repair enzyme for 2-hydroxyadenine in DNA and detection of multiple forms of hMYH located in nuclei and mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res.  28, 1355–1364 

  168. Okamoto, K., Toyokuni, S., Uchida, K., Ogawa, O., Takenewa, J., Kakehi, Y., Kinoshita, H., Hattori-Nakakuki, Y., Hiai, H., and Yoshida, O. (1994) Formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins in human renalcell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 58, 825–829 

  169. Olinski, R., Zastawny, T., Budzbon, J., Skokowski, J., Zegarski, W., and Dizdaroglu, M. (1992) DNA base modifications in chromatin of human cancerous tissues. FEBS Lett. 309, 193–198 

  170. Oliva, M. R., Ripoll, F., Muniz, P., Iradi, A., Trullenque, R., Valls, V., Drehmer, E., and Saez, G. T. (1997) Genetic alterations and oxidative metabolism in sporadic colorectal tumors from a Spanish community. Mol. Carcinog. 18, 232–243 

  171. O'Neill, P., and Chapman, P. W. (1985) Potential repair of free radical adducts of dGMP and dG by a series of reductants. A pulse radiolytic study. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 47, 71–80 

  172. Orr WC, Radyuk SN, Prabhudesai L, Toroser D, Benes JJ, Luchak JM, Mockett RJ, Rebrin I, Hubbard JG, Sohal RS. (2005) Overexpression of glutamate-cysteine ligase extends life span in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem. 280:37331-37338 

  173. Osterod, M., Hollenbach, S., Hengstler, J. G., Barnes, D. E., Lindahl, T., and Epe, B. (2001) Age-related and tissue-specific accumulation of oxidative DNA base damage in 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) deficient mice. Carcinogenesis 22, 1459–1463 

  174. Packer L, Weber S. U, Rimbach, G. (2001). Molecular aspects of α-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling. 131: 131: 369S-373S. 

  175. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Riba D, Requena JR, Thorpe SR, Lopez-Torres M, Barja G. (2000). "Low fatty acid unsaturation: a mechanism for lowered lipoperoxidative modification of tissue proteins in mammalian species with long life spans". J. Gerontol. Ser. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 55A (6): B286-B291. 

  176. Parker, A., Gu, Y., Mahoney, W., Lee, S. H., Singh, K. K., and Lu, A. L. (2001) Human homolog of the MutY repair protein (hMYH) physically interacts with proteins involved in long patch DNA base excision repair. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5547–5555 

  177. Pascucci, B., Maga, G., Hubscher, U., Bjoras, M., Seeberg, E., Hickson, I. D., Villani, G., Giordano, C., Cellai, L., and Dogliotti, E. (2002) Reconstitution of the base excision repair pathway for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine with purified human proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 2124–2130 

  178. Pieper, G. M., Siebeneich, W. (1988) Oral Administration of the Antioxidant, N-Acetylcys-teine, Abrogates Diabetes-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. 

  179. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 32(1):101-105. 

  180. Ramon, O., Sauvaigo, S., Gasparutto, D., Faure, P., Favier, A., and Cadet, J. (1999) Effects of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine on the binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to its cognate target DNA sequence (GC box). Free Radic. Res. 31, 217–229 

  181. Raoul, S., Berger, M., Buchko, G. W., Joshi, P. C., Morin, B., Weinfeld, M., and Cadet, J. (1996) H-1, C-13 and N-15 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and chemical features of the two main radical oxidation products of 2'-deoxyguanosine: oxazolone and imidazolone nucleosides. J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 23, 371–381 

  182. Rattan, S., Siboska, G. E., Wikmar, F. P., Clark, B. F. C., and Woolley, P. (1995) Levels of oxidative DNA damage product 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in human serum increases with age. Med. Sci. Res. 23, 469–470 

  183. Reardon, J. T., Bessho, T., Kung, H. C., Bolton, P. H., and Sancar, A. (1997) In vitro repair of oxidative DNA damage by human nucleotide excision repair system: possible explanation for neurodegeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9463–9468 

  184. Rehman, A., Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Moller, W., Tritschler, H., Pereira, P., and Halliwell, B. (1999) Increased oxidative damage to all DNA bases in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. FEBS Lett. 448, 120–122 

  185. Reiter,R.J. Calvo J. R., Karbownik M., Qi W., Tan D. X (2000) Melatonin and its relation to the immune system and inflammation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA). 917:376-386. 

  186. Romano, G., Sgambato, A., Mancini, R., Capelli, G., Giovagnoli, M. R., Flamini, G., Boninsegna, A., Vecchione, A., and Cittadini, A. (2000) 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in cervical cells: correlation with grade of dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Carcinogenesis 21, 1143–1147 

  187. Rossman, T. G., and Goncharova, E. I. (1998) Spontaneous mutagenesis in mammalian cells is caused mainly by oxidative events and can be blocked by antioxidants and metallothionein. Mutat. Res. 402, 103–110 

  188. Roussyn I, Briviba K, Masumoto H, Sies H. (1996) Selenium-containing compounds protect DNA from single-strand breaks caused by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys. 330(1):216–218. 

  189. Rusmintratip, V., and Sowers, L. C. (2000) An unexpectedly high excision capacity for mispaired 5-hydroxymethyluracil in human cell extracts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14183–14187 

  190. Sablina A. A., Budanov A. V., Ilyinskaya G. V,. Agapova L. S., Kravchenko J. E., Chumakov P. M. (2005) The antioxidant function of the p53 tumor suppressor. Nat Med. 11:1306–1313. 

  191. Sachdev, S, Davies, K. (2008) Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, 44: 215-223 

  192. Schulz, J. B., Dehmer, T., Schols, L., Mende, H., Hardt, C., Vorgerd, M., Burk, K., Matson, W., Dichgans, J., Beal, M. F., et al. (2000) Oxidative stress in patients with Friedreich ataxia. Neurology 55, 1719–1721 

  193. Schwarz, K. B., Kew, M., Klein, A., Abrams, R. A., Sitzmann, J., Jones, L., Sharma, S., Britton, R. S., Di Bisceglie, A. M., and Groopman, J. (2001) Increased hepatic oxidative DNA damage in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 46, 2173–2178 

  194. Seidl, R., Greber, S., Schuller, E., Bernert, G., Cairns, N., and Lubec, G. (1997) Evidence against increased oxidative DNAdamage in Down syndrome. Neurosci. Lett. 235, 137–140 

  195. Seppanen CM and Csallany AS. The effect of intermittent and continuous heating of soybean oil at frying temperature on the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal and other alpha-, beta-unsaturated hydroxyaldehydes. J Am Oil Chem. 2006, 83: 121-127 

  196. Sharma R, Brown D, Awasthi S, Yang Y, Sharma A, Patrick B, Saini MK, Singh SP, Zimniak P, Singh SV, Awasthi YC. (2004) Transfection with 4-hydroxynonenal-metabolizing glutathione S-transferase isozymes leads to phenotypic transformation and immortalization of adherent cells. Eur J Biochem. 271(9):1690-701. 

  197. Shimoda, R., Nagashima, M., Sakamoto, M., Yamaguchi, N., Hirohashi, S., Yokota, J., and Kasai, H. (1994) Increased formation of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in human livers with chronic hepatitis. Cancer Res. 54, 3171–3172 

  198. Sjodin, T., Y.H. Westing, and F.S. Apple. Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise. Sports Med. 10: 236-254, 1990. 

  199. Slupska, M. M., Baikalov, C., Luther, W. M., Chiang, J. H., Wei, Y. F., and Miller, J. H. (1996) Cloning and sequencing a human homolog (hMYH) of the Escherichia coli mutY gene whose function is required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. J. Bacteriol. 178, 3885–3892 

  200. Smith, M. A., Rottkamp, C. A., Nunomura, A., Raina, A. K., and Perry, G. (2000) Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1502, 139–144 

  201. Sochman J (2002) N-acetylcysteine in acute cardiology: 10 years later - What do we know and what would we like to know?! J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(9):1422-1428. 

  202. Sohal, R. S., Ku, H. H., Agarwal, S., Forster, M. J., and Lal, H. (1994) Oxidative damage, mitochondrial oxidant generation and antioxidant defenses during aging and in response to food restriction in the mouse. Mech. Ageing Dev. 74, 121–133 

  203. Sokhansanj, B. A., Rodrigue, G. R., Fitch, J. P., and Wilson, D. M., III (2002) A quantitative model of human DNA base excision repair. I. Mechanistic insights. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 1817–1825 

  204. Sonntag, v. (1987) The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology, Taylor and Francis, New York 

  205. Spencer, J. P., Jenner, A., Aruoma, O. I., Evans, P. J., Kaur, H., Dexter, D. T., Jenner, P., Lees, A. J., Marsden, D. C., and Halliwell, B. (1994) Intense oxidative DNA damage promoted by L-dopa and its metabolites. Implications for neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Lett. 353, 246–250 

  206. Steenken, S. (1987) Addition-elimination paths in electrontransfer reactions between radicals and molecules. J. Chem. Soc.Faraday Trans. I 83, 113–124 

  207. Stenturker, S., Karahalil, B., Inal, M., Yilmaz, H., Muslumanoglu, H., Gedikoglu, G., and Dizdaroglu, M. (1997) Oxidative DNA base damage and antioxidant enzyme levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. FEBS Lett. 416, 286–290 

  208. Sultan, S. M., Ioannou, Y., and Isenberg, D. A. (2000) Is there an association of malignancy with systemic lupus erythematosus? An analysis of 276 patients under long-term review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39, 1147–1152 

  209. Surh, J., Lee, S., Kwon, H.(2007) 4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals in polyunsaturated fatty acids-fortified infant formulas and other commercial food products Food Addit Contam. 24; :1-10 

  210. Suzuki, S., Hinokio, Y., Komatu, K., Ohtomo, M., Onoda, M., Hirai, S., Hirai, M., Hirai, A., Chiba, M., Kasuga, S., et al. (1999) Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and its relationship to diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 45, 161–168 

  211. Takao, M., Kanno, S. I., Kobayashi, K., Zhang, Q. M., Yonei, S., Van Der Horst, G. T., Yasui, A. (2002) A back-up glycosylase in Nth1 knock-out mice is a functional Nei (endonuclease VIII) homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 42205–42213 

  212. Temple M. et al (2005) Trends in Cell Biology. 15(6): 319-326. 

  213. Teoule, R. (1987) Radiation-induced DNA damage and its repair. Int. J. Radiat. Thier, R., Bruning, T., Kocher, K., Blaszkewicz, M., Makropoulos, V., Sundberg, A., Bolt, H. M. (1999) Determination of urinary thymidine glycol using affinity chromatography, HPLC and post-column reaction detection: a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage upon kidney transplantation. Arch. Toxicol. 73, 479–484 

  214. Teoule, R. (1987) Radiation-induced DNA damage and its repair. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 51, 573–589 

  215. Thorslund, T., Sunesen, M., Bohr, V. A., and Stevnsner, T. (2002) Repair of 8-oxodG is slower in endogenous nuclear genes than in mitochondrial DNA and is without strand bias. DNA Repair 1, 261–273 

  216. Toroser et al., (2008) Aging-related increase in the formation of HNE-adducts in mitochondrial proteins. In press 

  217. Toyokuni, S., Okamoto, K., Yodoi, J., Hiai, H. (1995) Persistent oxidative stress in cancer. FEBS Lett. 358, 1–3 

  218. Tuo, J., Jaruga, P., Rodriguez, H., Dizdaroglu, M., Bohr, V. A. (2002) The Cockayne syndrome group B gene product is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine in DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30832–30837 

  219. Turker, M. S., Gage, B. M., Rose, J. A., Elroy, D., Ponomareva, O. N., Stambrook, P. J., and Tischfield, J. A. (1999) A novel signature mutation for oxidative damage resembles a mutational pattern found commonly in human cancers. Cancer Res. 59, 1837–1839 

  220. Vieira, A. J. S. C., and Steenken, S. (1990) Pattern of OH radical reaction with adenine and its nucleosides and nucleotides. Characterisation of two types of isomeric OH adduct and their unimolecular transformation reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 6986–6994 

  221. Vladimirova, O., O'Connor, J., Cahill, A., Alder, H., Butunoi, C., and Kalman, B. (1998) Oxidative damage to DNA in plaques of MS brains.Mult. Scler.4,413–418 

  222. Vulimiri, S. V., Wu, X., Baer-Dubowska, W., de Andrade, M., Detry, M., Spitz, M. R., and DiGiovanni, J. (2000) Analysis of aromatic DNA adducts and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in lymphocyte DNA from a case-control study of lung cancer involving minority populations. Mol. Carcinog. 27, 34–46 

  223. Wagner, J. R., Blount, B. C., and Weinfeld, M. (1996) Excision of oxidative cytosine modifications from gamma-irradiated DNA by Escherichia coli endonuclease III and human whole-cell extracts. Anal. Biochem. 233, 76–86 

  224. Wagner, J. R., Van Lier, J. E., Berger, M., and Cadet, J. (1994) Thymidine hydroperoxides: structural assignments, conformational features and thermal decomposition in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 2235–2242 

  225. Wagner, J. R. (1994) Analysis of oxidative cytosine products in DNA exposed to ionizing radiation. J. Chim. Phys. 91, 1280–1286 

  226. Wagner, J. R., Blount, B. C., and Weinfeld, M. (1996) Excision of oxidative cytosine modifications from gamma-irradiated DNA by Escherichia coli endonuclease III and human whole-cell extracts. Anal. Biochem. 233, 76–86 

  227. Ward, J. F. (1994) DNA damage as the cause of ionizing radiation-induced gene activation. Radiat. Res. 138, S85–S88 

  228. Weitzman, S. A., and Gordon, L. I. (1990) Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis. Blood 76, 655–663 

  229. Willy, C., Dahouk, S., Starck, C., Kaffenberger, W., Gerngross, H., and Plappert, U. G. (2000) DNA damage in human leukocytes after ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 1–12 

  230. Wiseman, H., and Halliwell, B. (1996) Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem. J. 313, 17–29 

  231. Wong, S.H.Y., J.A. Knight, S.M. Hopfer, O. Zaharia, C.N. Leach, and F.W. Sunderman. (1987). Lipoperoxides in plasma as measured by liquid-chromatographic seperation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct. Clin. Chem. 33(2): 214-220. 

  232. Wrona, M. Z., and Dryhurst, G. (1998) Oxidation of serotonin by superoxide radical: implications to neurodegenerative brain disorders. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 639–650. 

  233. Yan, C.Y.I., Greene, L.A.(1998) N-acetylcysteine prevents cell death through activation of the Ras pathway. J. Neurosci. 18 (11): 4042-4049. 

  234. Zanardi E, Jagersma C. G., et al., (2002) Solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the evaluation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in pork products. J. Agric.. Food Chem. 50(19): 5268-5272. 

  235. Zarkovic, N., (2003) 4-Hydroxynonenal as a bioactive marker of pathophysiological processes, Mol. Aspects Med 24:281- 291. 

  236. Zarkovic N, Zarkovic K, Schaur R.J., Stolc S, Schlag G, Redl H, Waeg G, Borovic S, Loncaric I, Juric G, Hlavka V. (1999) 4-Hydroxynonenal as a second messenger of free radicals and growth modifying factor. Life Sci. 65:1901-1904. 

  237. Zhang, J., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., Robertson, D., Olson, S. J.,Graham, D. G., and Montine, T. J. (1999) Parkinson's disease is associated with oxidative damage to cytoplasmic DNA and RNA in substantia nigra neurons. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1423–1429.