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ASDStrand 1: Agriculture and Land Resources (2 weeks)
Major Learning Outcome: Students are able to demonstrate an understanding of the importance of agricultural production and the benefits of land resources (flora and fauna) in Kiribati
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Sub-strand 1.1: Wildlife and livestock farming
Key Learning Outcome: Students are able to demonstrate an understanding of Wildlife and livestock farming.
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SLO1. WILDLIFE
· Refers to animals, birds and fishes that are undomesticated
· in some countries sanctuaries have been allocated for the preservation of these species
Wildlife in Kiribati include:
· sea birds (Kiritimati island)
· milkfish (Kiritimati island)
· marine life (Phoenix island group)
·
SLO2. Importance of wildlife
Wildlife conservation helps protect biodiversity, ensuring the continued resilience and productivity of the ecosystems, which in turn benefit humans through
· improved agricultural yields,
· reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases, and
· reduction of natural disaster risks.
ACTIVITY:
Prepare a questionaire for a research visit to the "Wildlife" office in Ronton. Your visit is to find out more on "wildlife" on Kiritimati island including whether there are other sanctuaries on Kiribati, what types of wildlife are kept there, and their importance to the local communities and national economy.
Prepare a Power Point Presentation of your findings during the visit.
F5C ma aia posters aika a baintangiraaki man te 'Wildlife' division i aon Kiritimati. Aei bon muin aia bubuti ngke a 'visit' te Wildlife office tabeua boong imwaain tamneia aio.
SLO3. LIVESTOCK
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in order to provide labour and produce products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather and wool.
SLO4. Livestock in Kiribati
Livestock in Kiribati is focused on pigs, poultry, and, a time, goats.
SLO5. Livestock farming management
Farm Management includes skills such as:
· Basic husbandry
· Nutrition
· Communication
· Preparation
· Adaptation
· Evaluation
· Attention to detail
· Establishing a farm culture
Ø Basic husbandry creates hydrated, clean, dry, low stress animals
Ø Clear communication facilitates preparedness and adaptation
SLO6. Ways to improve livestock farming
Good animal welfare requires:
· disease prevention
· appropriate veterinary care
· shelter
· nutrition
· stimulating and safe environment
· humane handling
· humane slaughter
SLO7. Terrestrial animal agriculture
Terrestrial means: relating to earth.
Terrestrial animal agriculture relies on only a few species. In cattle, milk and meat production both utilize one species. In pigs, all commercial production is based on one species. Poultry (chickens) is ‘farmed’ for their eggs, and meat as a by-product.
Terrestrial types of animals in Kiribati
Kiribati has a few land mammals, none being indigenous. They include Polynesian rat, dogs, cats and pigs. Among the 75bird species, the ‘Bokikokiko’ is endemic to Kiribati. There are 600-800 species of inshore and pelagic finfish and some 1000 species of shellfish.
SLO8. Atoll terrestrial Challenges that hinder animal and plant productivity
· In Kiribati rising sea levels is one main factor that hinders the productivity of livestock. The salinity of the sea will affect the “grass” food of the animals resulting in the animals not feeding on their natural food.
· The “reduction’ (inundation) of the island size will mean that the animals will have limited land space for natural growth
SLO9. Interactions between plants and animals
Animals are consumers and they depend on plants for survival. Some animals eat plants directly, while others eat animals that eat the plants. In turn, some plants rely on animals to help spread their seed, decomposing animal carcasses can also help provide nutrients for plants to grow.
Parasites
An organism (animal, etc.) that lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients from the ‘host’.
Competition
Animals may compete for territory, water, food or mates. Competition often occurs between members of the same species. This is called “intraspecific” competition. This is the type of competition that is the driving force behind ‘natural selection’ within a species.
Pollinator
A pollinator is anything (animal, plant, etc) that helps carry pollen from the male part of a flower (plant) to the female part of the same or another flower. The movement of pollen must occur for the plant to become fertilized and produce fruits, seeds and young plants – that other animals can feed on.
What are predators?
Predator is an animal that kills and eats other animals. Prey are animals that are killed and eaten by other animals.
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Sub-strand 1.2: Gardening and Nutrition (4.5 weeks)
Key Learning Outcome: Students are able to demonstrate an understanding of Gardening and Food nutrition
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GARDENING
SLO1. What is gardening?
Gardening is the laying out and care of a plot of land devoted to the growing of plants, such as flowers, herbs, or vegetables.
SLO2. Gardening practices in Kiribati
The 3 main practices for gardening in Kiribati are for:
1) Ornamental purposes (flowers) eg: te booi, te meria, te rooti, etc.
2) Medicinal purposes (herbs) eg: te non, te mao, te kaina, etc
3) Nutritional needs (vegetables) eg: fruits and vegetables
AGRICULTURE
SLO3. Important role of Agriculture
Agriculture impacts society in many ways including:
· Supporting livelihoods through food, habit and jobs
· Providing raw materials for food and other products (virgin oil, banana/breadfruit chips, shelter, mats, etc)
· Building economies through trade
SLO4 & 5. Common crops found in Kiribati
The islands of Kiribati are mainly coral islands, therefore only a limited number of crops can survive the degree of salinity of the soil. However, the addition of fertilizers can ensure the good growth of native crops and newly introduced crops to the islands.
The types of crops found in Kiribati are categorized into the 3 main groups: root crops, tree crops and leafy crops (see Table)
F5C mai St. Francis High Sch., n aia field trip nakon te "Ununiki" HQ n te Main Camp, Christmas island.
"Ao mauri naba ngkami"
Inanon ana 'Greenhouse' te 'Ununiki"
"E katoka teraa?"
SLO 6. Student's Activity: - To carry out investigations on how to cultivate different crops
Group work: Separate students into 3 groups. One group will discuss cultivating a root crop, 2nd group on a Tree crop and 3rd group on a Leafy crop. To be presented as a Presentation on Power Point. Allow 2 weeks to complete. (Reference KCS topic Planting methods in Kiribati)
SLO 7. Fertilizers
When choosing a fertilizer, you can consider the following factors:
Nutrient needs
Different plants need different nutrients at different stages of growth. For example, leafy greens need more nitrogen, while flowers may need more phosphorus. You can test your soil to identify nutrient deficiencies or excesses.
Environmental impact
Some fertilizers, like synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, can harm the environment through greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution.
Fertilizer type
Here are some different types of fertilizers:
Potassium fertilizers: Also called potash fertilizers, these are derived from burned wood, mines, and the ocean. They help plants grow and move stomata.
Nitrogen fertilizers: Nitrogen is a key compound for healthy plants, helping them absorb sunlight through photosynthesis.
Organic fertilizers: These fertilizers are made from natural materials like compost, bone meal, fish meal, and livestock manure. They usually contain all three nutrients (N, P, and K).
Phosphorus fertilizers: Phosphorus is water-soluble, making it ideal for fertigation systems. It's also often found in other essential nutrients, like calcium.
Inorganic fertilizers: These fertilizers are less expensive than organic fertilizers and can be easily synthesized on a large scale. They're also less bulky, so nutrients can be carried to different parts of the plant more easily.
Micronutrient fertilizers: These can be inorganic materials, synthetic chelates, or naturally occurring organic complexes. The most common soluble form of micronutrients is sulfate.
Dry fertilizers: These fertilizers are best suited for slow-release formulations, as they're absorbed more slowly by plants and must first be broken down. They're also less expensive and easier to store because they don't settle out over time or in cold weather.
Most of the fertilizers above are mostly Chemical fertilizers, that is, they are mostly, if not all, made up of chemicals. Therefore, for our course we shall look at Liquid and Compost Fertilizers. But, first, let's see "What is an Organic Fertilizer"!
Organic Fertilizer
Can be made by mixing nutritious substances in water, such as manure, green matter, living earth, ash, urine, dry organic fertilizer, etc. Three important 'ingredients' for organic fertilizers are:
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
And what is Liquid Fertilizer?
Liquid fertilizer refer to extracts of soluble powders or chemicals that have a mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. They may also have wetting agents, insecticides, weed killers, and fungicides, not to mention trace elements and other supplements designed to help plants grow.
Nitrogen - can be found in green leaves, etc
Phosphorus, is found in rocky soil, etc
Potassium, can be found in left-over food such as pumpkins, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, etc
What is Compost Fertilizer?
Compost is a mix of substances and organic matter used to enrich and enhance soil, usually made by decomposing plants, food waste, and other organic materials.
Compost supplies the earth with nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and improves its ability to keep these nutrients longer.
Note the difference between these fertilizers
SLO 8. Activity
Listen carefully to all videos on making fertilizers and
a) make a list of the "ingredients" that are mentioned in the clips, and
b) i) briefly describe how 'liquid fertilizer' is achieved
ii) briefly describe how 'compost fertilizer' is achieved
SLO 9. The importance of applying organic fertilizer in maintaining soil fertility.
Organic fertilizers are a key component of sustainable agriculture practices and can significantly improve soil health and fertility. They can:
Improve soil structure
Organic fertilizers increase soil organic carbon content, which improves soil structure and stability. This allows roots to access water and nutrients more efficiently, which is important for healthy crops.
Increase nutrient availability
Organic fertilizers increase the availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. They can also improve nutrient synchrony, which helps plants uptake nutrients more efficiently.
Promote microbial populations
Organic fertilizers increase microbial activity in the soil, which increases nutrient mineralization rates.
Hold nutrients longer
Organic fertilizers can hold nutrients longer, which is beneficial in areas prone to drought.
Reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers
Organic fertilizers gradually release nutrients into the soil, so they may reduce the need for repeated applications of synthetic fertilizers.
SLO 10. What is Food Nutrition?
The science of nutrition concerns everything the body does with food to carry on its functions. Food provides essential substances called nutrients. The body needs these nutrients to help it make energy; to grow, repair, and maintain its tissues; and to keep its different systems working smoothly.
SLO 11. The Six types of Nutrients
The six basic nutrients that are essential for the human body to function properly are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water:
SLO 12. What is Malnutrition?
Malnutrition is an imbalance between the nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets. It can mean undernutrition or overnutrition. You can be malnourished from an overall lack of calories, or you might have a protein, vitamin or mineral deficiency.
SLO13, Preventive Measures for Malnutrition
Dietary changes and supplements
Dietary changes and supplements
A dietitian will advise you about dietary changes that can help.
They may create a tailored diet plan that ensures you get enough nutrients.
They may also suggest:
having a healthier, more balanced diet
eating "fortified" foods that contain extra nutrients
snacking between meals
having drinks that contain lots of calories
getting supermarket deliveries at home
If these measures are not enough, taking extra nutrients in the form of supplements (pills) may be recommended. These should only be taken on the advice of a healthcare professional.
You'll have regular appointments to check that any changes to your diet are helping to improve your nutrition. Your diet may need to be adjusted to make it more effective.
SLO14. Foods rich in Nutrients
Eat a variety of foods to get different vitamins and minerals. Foods that naturally are nutrient-rich include fruits and vegetables. Lean meats, fish, whole grains, dairy, legumes, nuts, and seeds also are high in nutrients.
SLO15, Importance of Nutrition to Human Health?
Nutrition is a critical part of health and development. Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases (such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and longevity.
SLO16. Importance of gardening to nutrition and health
Gardening can have many health benefits, including improved nutrition, physical activity, and social interaction:
Improved diet
Gardening can help you eat more fruits and vegetables, which are full of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. You can also try new foods and recipes, and be more aware of where your food comes from. If you grow your own fruits and vegetables, you can also eat fresh produce that hasn't been treated with pesticides.
Physical activity
Gardening can be a form of aerobic exercise that can burn as many calories as some sports. Digging, raking, and mowing can be especially calorie-intense. Gardening can also help improve dexterity and strength.
Social interaction
Gardening can bring people together and strengthen social connections. For example, community gardens can help older adults who might be vulnerable to loneliness and depression feel less isolated.
Sub-strand 1.3: Agricultural productions and Biosecurity (3.5 weeks)
Key Learning Outcome: Students are able to demonstrate an understanding of Agricultural production and Biosecurity
SLO 1: What is Agribusiness?
Agribusiness is a combination of the words “agriculture” and “business,” and it refers to commerce in farming and farming-related activities. Agribusiness covers
the production,
processing, and
distribution of farm-based goods.
Companies in the agribusiness industry comprise all aspects of food production.
The two major areas of agribusiness are agricultural production and agricultural marketing.
Agricultural production involves the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock. This includes activities such as planting, harvesting, and animal husbandry.
Agricultural marketing covers the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer. These services involve the planning, organizing, directing and handling of agricultural produce in such a way as to satisfy farmers, intermediaries and consumers.
SLO 2: Importance of Agribusiness (in Kiribati)
Why is agribusiness important? Agribusiness supports the growth of the agricultural industry, which leads to economic growth across countries. Since countries can export their products, this allows for an increase in revenue sources
SLO 3 Agricultural products of Kiribati?
The Republic of Kiribati's main agricultural products include:
Copra: Kiribati's only agricultural export, copra accounts for about two-thirds of the country's export revenue. The state-owned Kiribati Copra Milling Company is the country's largest agricultural enterprise.
Seaweed: Commercial seaweed farming has become an important economic activity in Kiribati, with farms established in atolls throughout the country's three island groups since the early 1980s.
Livestock: Pigs and chickens are the most common agricultural livestock in Kiribati, and are largely raised under a subsistence production system
Other common agricultural products in Kiribati include: taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables, bananas, screw-pine, and papaya. Agriculture is a key industry in Kiribati, contributing 26% to the country's GDP in 2020.
SLO 4: The process of agricultural by-products and value adding of pandanus, breadfruit, native fig, and giant taro
What is a 'by-product'?
A by-product is something which is produced during the manufacture or processing of another product. For example: Sawdust is a byproduct of the lumber industry, and feathers are a byproduct of poultry processing.
From the diagram on the left we can presume that the citrus fruits were originally harvested for their juice. But we see that the peels are not put to waste, but rather used to make Essential oil. This oil is a by-product of the citrus fruits. Also the peels are dried and used to make livestock feed -another by-product. And, another important by-product is the 'pectine', made from the dried peels. This by-product is used in cooking and baking, and sometimes used to make medicine.
What is a 'value-adding'?
A value-added product is a saleable commodity that has been enhanced with additional qualities that make it worth a higher price than the raw materials used to make it. It may be made more convenient, more attractive, more palatable, or easier to use than its raw ingredients.
Is the amount by which the value of an article is increased at each stage of its production..
For SLO 5 to SLO 8, and SLO 10, students must do the following activities as part of course work (10% of 60%)
SLO 5. Products produced from local trees
Activity: Individual work. (ask household members to assist)
(i) Investigate and document original products that are harvested from coconuts tree, pandanus, and breadfruit trees.
(ii) Investigate the by-products that have been produced after the original products.
(iii) Investigate and explain how the "value" of the products are affected.
SLO 6. Food preservation method traditionally practiced in Kiribati.
Activity 2: Individual work (ask female household members to assist)
(i) Identify two main traditional food preservation methods commonly practiced in Kiribati
(ii) Briefly describe how these two methods are carried out.
SLO 7: Investigate the process of how a coconut tree is converted into a coconut tree product
Activity 3: Individual work (ask male household members to assist)
(i) Investigate and briefly describe the manufacturing process carried out here and give two examples of the types of products produced.
(ii) Investigate several factors that may affect the manufacturing process of coconut tree products
SLO 8: Describe the process of converting a coconut tree to a coconut tree product
Activity 4: Individual work (ask male household members to assist)
(i) Choose any product from these groups: home furniture, building materials)
SLO 9: Contribution of local products to the development of the economy
Household producers who manufacture or create original local products and selling them locally will firstly, benefit by recieving payments from the consumers. This money will help with the household economy (budget) and can improve their welfare. They will also contribute to the communitie's economy through purchasing goods and services from the community markets (commodity market, human resources market). And when the firms (commodity markets, etc) export or sell the products outside the country they will bring in money that will greatly benefit the economy of the country.
SLO 10: Agricultural production in food supply that may generate income for the household
Activity: Individual work (ask household members to assist)
(i) Investigate some locally grown food crops
(ii) Identify which of these food crops are used or can be used to produce food products that are commonly sold or can be sold locally.
(ii) determine if payments for food products sold have an impact on household income
BIOSECURITY
SLO 11: Define Biosecurity
What is Biosecurity?
Biosecurity refers to policies and regulations to protect humans, food, agriculture, and the environment from potential biological threats
procedures intended to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents.
Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful organisms intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range and/or within new environments.
SLO 12: Exotic plant and animal diseases that are in existence in Kiribati: (refer to notes collected during Field Trip to Agriculture station at Main Camp).
SLO 13: Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
is a process that uses biological, cultural, and chemical practices to control insect pests in agricultural production. IPM aims to use natural predators or parasites to control pests, and only uses selective pesticides when necessary
Biological Control
Biological integrated pest management (IPM) uses natural enemies to control pests and their damage. These natural enemies include predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors. Some examples of biological IPM include:
Ladybugs: Eat aphids
Predatory mites: Eat thrips and scales
Parasitoids: Mostly wasps and flies that live in or on a host insect and kill it
Praying mantises and lacewings: Prey on small insects, making them effective for indoor plants
Decapitating flies: Used against red imported fire ants
Flea beetles, thrips, and stem borers: Used against alligator weed
Cultural Control
Cultural controls are practices that can help reduce the establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival of pests in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Some examples of cultural controls include:
Irrigation: Changing irrigation practices can help reduce pest problems, as too much water can lead to weeds and root disease
Planting: Choosing the best time to plant and harvest crops, and rotating crops can help
Resistant varieties: Planting varieties that can tolerate, avoid, or recover from pest damage can help
Sanitation: Removing crop refuse, sterilizing tools, and inspecting transplants before purchase can help
Soil: Solarizing and sanitizing soil can help
Allelopathy: Taking advantage of allelopathy can help
Intercropping: Intercropping can help
Chemical Control
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a method that uses a combination of pest control methods, including chemical methods, to minimize environmental impact. Chemical methods in IPM include pesticides, herbicides, and rodenticides:
Pesticides: These can include insecticides, soaps, microbial products, insect growth regulators, botanicals, pyrethrins, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates, and organophosphates. Some common and effective pesticides include boric acid, carbamates, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, insect growth regulator (IGR), pyrethrum, and piperonyl butoxide. Fipronil is another common pesticide that can kill ants and cockroaches.
Herbicides: These can include Tordon 22K, Hi Dep, 2,4 D, Banvel, Curtail, Transline, and Escort. Herbicides can be fast acting, long lasting, environmentally safe, and pose minimal risk to humans when used correctly and with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Rodenticides: These are used to control rodents
SLO 13: Important role of Biosecurity in protecting animals and plants
A good biosecurity program helps to lower the risk of pathogens being transferred from farm to farm.
SLO 15: Success of the Biosecurity department in keeping Kiribati safe from pests and diseases
Kiribati's biosecurity services aim to prevent the entry and spread of pests and diseases into the country, while also regulating the movement of animals, plants, and their products. The Biosecurity Act of 2011 applies to many items, including:
Animals and animal products
Plants and plant products
Living organisms
Soil, sand, gravel, and aggregate
Genetic material
Human remains
Host material
Clothing, machinery, and other articles that contain or have adhering to them anything mentioned in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), or (d)
Garbage
Kiribati Biosecurity Act, 2011 (No. 2 of 2011).
This Act provides for biosecurity measures in relation with importation and exportation of animals and plants and related materials conducted by persons present in the Kiribati. The Act also provides with respect to administration of biosecurity control and deals with biosecurity emergencies.
The Act concerns, among other things; biosecurity border control; biosecurity import and export procedures (including quarantine and issue of sanitary and phytosanitary certificates; biosecurity internal control. The Act defines offences and penalties.
Sub-strand 1.4: Land resource management (Weeks 11 - 12)
SLO 1: Define GAP
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are environmentally sound, economically viable and socially acceptable, and result in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products.
SLO 2: Conservation methods practiced in the Region.
What is an example of conservation agriculture?
Installing fences along streams in pasture areas is a simple but essential way to reduce pollution on farms. Fences keep livestock and their waste out of waterways, reducing pollution and erosion and helping prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.
What agricultural practices are put in place to conserve resources for future generations?
Building healthy soil and preventing erosion.
Managing water wisely.
Minimizing air and water pollution.
Storing carbon on farms.
SLO 3: Benefits of the conservative method to plant species and their ecosystem
Ecosystems provide essential services such as clean water, food, and climate regulation. Their conservation ensures these services continue uninterrupted.
Preserve the continuity of food chains. The genetic diversity of plants and animals is preserved.
The purpose of conservation in agriculture is to maintain or improve the land with a long-term vision for the future, which we call sustainability.
By conserving natural resources, we can
minimize environmental degradation,
reduce pollution, and
promote sustainable development.
SLO 4: Importance of land restoration in preserving crops.
Land restoration can help preserve crops in many ways, including:
Soil fertility
Restoring land can improve soil fertility, which can help crops.
Water retention
Improved water retention in the soil can help seeds germinate, reduce water loss, and lower irrigation costs.
Erosion control
Erosion control can improve crop yields, reduce drainage costs, and keep nutrients in the soil.
Biodiversity
Restoring land can provide habitats for plants, animals, and microorganisms, which can help support ecosystem health
SLO 5: Four ways of protecting the land resources
Here are some ways to protect land resources:
Conservation easements
A grant deed that can be donated or sold to permanently restrict development on land while still allowing for farming, forestry, or recreation.
Conservation tillage
Farming methods that reduce the frequency of tilling to maintain ground cover and minimize soil disturbance.
Natural resource monitoring
A crucial part of natural resource management (NRM), which also includes protection and preservation.
Agricultural and forestal districts
Local governments can create special districts with landowner participation to temporarily reserve forest and farmland.
SLO 6: Importance of crop rotation for crops and the environment.
Crop rotation can be important for both crops and the environment because it can improve soil health, increase crop yields, and reduce the impact of pests and diseases:
Soil health
Crop rotation can help maintain soil structure and nutrient levels, which can deteriorate if the same crop is planted in the same place every year. It can also increase soil fertility, microbial activity, and biomass from different crops' root structures.
Crop yields
Crop rotation can improve nutrient availability and pest control, which can lead to increased crop productivity and higher yields.
Pests and diseases
Crop rotation can help interrupt pest and disease cycles, and reduce the pressure of plant diseases and insect pests.
Environment
Crop rotation can also help reduce soil erosion and increase biodiversity on the farm
SLO 7: What is Land restoration?
Land restoration refers to the process of halting degradation or rehabilitating degraded land, typically through activities like reforestation, soil conservation, and the protection of natural processes.
It aims to enhance biodiversity, restore ecosystem services, and mitigate climate change impacts.
SLO 8: Methods of land restoration practiced in agriculture
SLO 9: Ecological benefits of land restoration to plant species
Some benefits are:
Reviving the soil will allow plants to grow more steadily
It will bring back the buzz. Bees are one of the best pollinators in the world, making them vital for global food production. Of the 100 crop species that provide 90 percent of the world's food, over 70 are pollinated by bees. ...
it will allow the diversification of crops.
Restoration also aids in the prevention of soil erosion, promotes water filtration, and helps mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon.
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