Building and Construction (Y10/11)

BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION                                                                    Week 1, Term 1 2024

What are the 4 types of construction?

The four main types of construction are: residential construction, commercial construction, industrial construction, and infrastructure construction

Is building an engineering course?

Building engineering technology involves the process of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures. A degree in building engineering technology prepares students to manage construction projects as well as design, implement and maintain building components

What do you call construction workers?

Construction workers can colloquially be referred to as "hard hat workers" or "hard hats", as they often wear hard hats for safety while working on construction sites.

CAREERS

Many of our graduates gain employment in the following industries:

·         bricklaying

·         building and construction

·         electrical

·         engineering

·         plumbing

·         signage

·         surveying

·         welding

Day 2

Materials that can be used in Building Construction

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Building Construction Materials Name List

1.    Cement

2.    Fine aggregate

3.    Coarse aggregate

4.    Stone

5.    Concrete

6.    Mortar

7.    Brick

8.    Lime

9.    Timber

10.  Steel

List of Materials Used in Building Construction

Below are the materials used in building construction. Each material is explained briefly.

1. Cement

Cement is one of the most commonly used building construction materials. It is mostly used as a constituent in concrete or mortar; both are discussed later in this article.

Natural Cement and Artificial cement are the two types of cement. Artificial cement is produced in cement plants. Natural cement is similar to hydraulic lime. The best type of natural cement is known as Roman cement.

Ordinary Cement/Normal Setting Cement/Portland Cement

Portland Cement is a type of artificial cement. It is the best type of artificial cement.

Name: Portland cement resembles a type of sandstone found largely in Portland, U. K. Hence, it is called Portland cement. It is also known as Normal setting or Ordinary cement.

Constituent: Finely ground and mixed compounds of lime, silica, and iron are present in Portland cement.

Addition of Water: Upon mixing Portland cement with water, a paste is formed which hardens and binds the aggregates together forming a durable mass of concrete.

Production: A mixture of calcareous and argillaceous products is burned at high temperatures to form calcined products called clinkers. A small amount of gypsum is added to the clinkers and ground to obtain a greyish fine powder, which is cement.

Suitability: To suit different purposes, special types of cement are available by modifying its manufacturing process accordingly.

2. Sand

Sand is another important building material used in construction for making concrete. It is used as an underlying material in concrete which adds to the stability of the structure.

Name: Fine aggregate

Source: Gravel pits, river deposits, rock quarries (Gravel is obtained from pits and river deposits while crushed stones are obtained from the processing of rocks from quarries.)

Lightweight aggregates are obtained from slag waste from iron and steel mills and expanded shale and clays. Radiation shields use heavyweight concrete and the aggregates for this concrete come from steel slag and bearing. To achieve insulation, lightweight concrete with Styrofoam beads as aggregate is used.

Formation: Cohesionless aggregates having fragments of unaltered rock or coarse-grained particles of silica formed as a result of the disintegration of rocks.

Shape: Round, angular, flat, elongated

Properties: Fine aggregates do not exhibit swelling on exposure to moisture, nor do they exhibit shrinkage upon drying. They are permeable, but they do not allow water to rise in the inter-particular space owing to capillary action.

3. (Coarse) Aggregate

Stones, boulders, etc form coarse aggregates. These aggregates are used in the concrete as one of the basic constituents.

4. Stone

These are pieces of rocks or stones used as building units in masonry construction.

Example: Limestone, marble, granite, etc

Application: Used for wall, flooring, etc

5. Concrete

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates, and water in the specified proportion.

Admixtures: Sometimes, admixtures are also added along with the abovementioned constituents to improve/modify the properties of concrete as per the requirement. These properties may be an improvement in strength, hardness, water resistance, workability, etc.

Commonly used admixtures: Common salt, lime, calcium chloride, aluminium sulphate, etc

Water-cement ratio: The amount of water to be added to the concrete is specified with respect to the quantity of cement with the help of the w/c ratio. Strength and workability are affected directly by the w/c ratio.

(i) Reinforced Cement Concrete

RCC is the most commonly used form of cement concrete. In this, reinforcing metal is placed in the concrete to enhance the load carrying capacity of concrete.

Mostly steel is used as reinforcing metal in cement concrete. The steel and concrete act as single units and steel carries the tensile load as concrete is weak in tension.

6. Mortar

Mortar is a plastic mixture comprising binding material, fine aggregates, and water. Admixtures can also be added to the mortar sometimes to modify the properties of mortar.

Components:

·         Binding material like cement, lime

·         Fine aggregate like sand, surkhi

·         Water

Use: To bond masonry or other structural units

7. Brick

Brick is a clay product in which processed clay is moulded in rectangular blocks of specific dimensions. These blocks are then dried and burnt to obtain bricks. Allowance is kept for shrinkage arising during drying and burning in dimensions.

Dimension

·         Nominal Brick – 19 * 9 * 9 cm

·         Modular Brick – 20 * 10 * 10 cm

8. Lime

Lime is also used in the construction industry. It is generally not found in a free state in nature.

The raw material limestone is heated to a high temperature to obtain lime. Limestone is obtained from beds of old rivers, stones found below ground, shells of sea, etc. 

Use: Lime is used as matrix/lime concrete for building foundation, filling where the early setting is not needed, cementing material, for plaster of covering walls, painting, whitewashing.

9. Timber

Timber is used in construction and is a wood from the tree having sufficient size so that it can be used for building, carpentry or other such purposes. It can be used in structures for doors, windows, piles in foundation, scaffolding, shoring, well curbs of open foundation, acoustic of buildings, etc.

Converted Timber– It is timber sawn and cut into suitable commercial sizes.

Rough timber– It is the timber obtained after the tree falls

Standing timber– It is the timber available in a living tree

Seasoning of Timber

Seasoning is the process of drying timber so that all the sap and moisture present in it is removed. This is done to prevent the decay of timber from taking place by fermentation of sap. Seasoning also prevents the warping or bending of timber because of uneven contraction or expansion.

Seasoning of timber can be done naturally or artificially.

Decay of Timber

When timber undergoes excess defects so that it loses its value as an engineering material, then it is said to have decayed.

Causes of Decay of Timber

·         Alternate dry and wet condition

·         Fungal attack

·         Improper seasoning

·         Vegetation growth

·         Shocks and impacts due to natural forces

Preservation of Timber

The process of protecting or preserving timber structure from the attack of factors causing decay of timber is called preservation of timber.

The destroying elements can be moisture, dry rot, internal decay, fungal attack, etc.

Preservation of timber is done to increase the life of the timber and thus its durability.

For the process of preservation of timber, preservatives are applied to well-seasoned timber using different methods. The preservatives consist of ASCU powder, coal tar, chemical salts, oil paints, etc.

Industrial Timber

Industrial timber is prepared scientifically in the factory to meet the desired shape, appearance, size, and strength.

The varieties of industrial timber include

·         Veneer

·         Plywood

·         Fibre boards

·         Impreg timber

·         Compreg timber.

Fire Resisting Timber

Fire resisting properties of the timber depends upon the following-

·         Quality of timber

·         Type of timber

·         Size of timber

To make a timber better at fire resistance, the following procedure is followed-

Firstly, the wood is impregnated with fire-resisting chemicals like the solution of borax of arsenate or ammonium phosphate.

Then, the surface of the timber structure is painted with fire retarding paints.

Based on fire resistance properties, there are two types of timber as follows-

Non-Refractory Timber

·         It is resinous

·         It catches fire easily

·         Example- Chirr, deodar, fir, etc

Refractory Timber

·         It is non-resinous

·         It does not catch fire easily

·         Example-Sal, teak, etc

10. Steel

Steel is also used as a construction material, and it lies between wrought iron and cast iron based on its chemical composition of carbon. The carbon content in steel varies from 0.25 to 0.15 per cent.

The physical properties of steel depend on carbon content and the presence of impurities. These may be altered by applying a heat treatment process.

By the process of heat treatment, the following properties may be altered:

·         Annealing

·         Case hardening

·         Cementing

·         Hardening

·         Normalising

·         Tempering

(table)

11. Glass

Glass is an amorphous material made up of numerous metallic silicates. It may be transparent or translucent. One of the metallic silicates is of an alkali metal.

The metallic silicates are mixed at high temperatures and cooled down till the mixture is solidified. This mixture has infinite viscosity and is referred to as glass.

There are three major types of glass based on their composition:

1.    Soda-lime glass

2.    Potash-lime glass

3.    Potash-lead glass

12. Plastic

Plastic has been introduced not long ago in the construction industry but soon took over in the entire world. It contains natural or synthetic binders or resins. Optionally, moulding compounds are also added in the manufacture of plastic.

PRINCIPLE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS Wk 2

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Ø  Building materials have an important role to play in this modern age of technology.

Ø  There are certain general factors which affect the choice of materials for a particular scheme. Perhaps the most important of these is the climatic background.

Ø  Another factor is the economic aspect of the choice of materials.

Ø  The rapid advance of constructional methods, the increasing introduction of mechanical tools and plants, and changes in the organisation of the building industry may appreciably influence the choice of materials.

Physical Properties of Materials

1.       Density of Materials: Density is one of most fundamental physical properties of any material. Density of material is defined as mass per unit volume. It is defined as ratio of mass volume of material. Examples:

2.       Shape and Size

Dimension of any metal reflect shape and size of material, length, width, height, depth etc. Also, it determines specific rectangular, circular, spherical, or any other section. Examples:

3.       Porosity of Materials

When material is in melting condition, it contains some dissolved gases with in material. When material is solidifies these gases get evaporate and leave behind voids. Porosity of materials represents quantity of voids in solid materials. Examples:

movement of an electric charge.

4.       Texture is the physical feel of something — smooth, rough, fuzzy, slimy, and lots of textures something in between. Sandpaper is very rough — it has a gritty, rough texture. Other things, like linoleum, have a smooth texture. Texture has to do with how an object feels and it's ingredients. Examples:

5.       Elasticity, ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed. Examples:

6.       Ductility: the ability of a material to have its shape changed (as by being drawn out into wire or thread) without losing strength or breaking. Examples:

7.       Hardness: 1. : the quality or state of being hard. 2. : the ability of a substance (as a mineral) to scratch another substance or be itself scratched. Examples:

8.       Malleability is the quality of something that can be shaped into something else without breaking, like the malleability of clay. Malleability — also called plasticity — has to do with whether something can be molded. Examples:

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The important mechanical properties considered for building materials are: strength,

compressive, tensile, bending, impact, hardness, plasticity, elasticity and abrasion resistance.

Introduction – Buildings                                  Week 3 Notes

General:

      A building is a structure consisting of walls, floors and roofs.

Purpose: residence, education, business, Manufacturing, storage, hospitalization, entertainment and worship etc.

Factors for method of construction and Material:

      1. Character of occupancy

      2. Location of site

      3. Climate

      4. Local material

      5. Funds available

Types of buildings:

1. Residential buildings

2. Educational buildings

3. Institutional buildings

4. Assembly buildings

5. Business buildings

6. Mercantile buildings

7. Industrial buildings

8. Storage buildings

9. Hazardous buildings

Components of building:

Broadly into 2 parts-

1.       Sub structure the substructure of a building transfers the load of the building to the ground and isolates it horizontally from the ground. This includes foundations and basement retaining walls. It is differentiated from the superstructure. It safeguards the building against the forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc.

2.       Super structure: The superstructure of a building is where people will spend most of their time. This area includes the first and second floors inside a home and any number of floors in larger buildings. The superstructure includes beams, columns, finishes, windows, doors, the roof, floors, and anything else

Sub parts:

a.       Foundations

b.      Plinth

c.       Walls

d.      Columns

e.       Floors

f.        Doors, windows and ventilators

g.      Stairs

h.      Roof

i.        Building finishes

j.        Building services

Functions of Foundations…..

1.  Reduction of load intensity

2.  Even distribution of load

3.  Provision of level surface

4. Lateral stability

5. Safety against the undermining

6. Protection against soil movements

Essential requirements of good foundation

1.  It shall be sustain the D.L, L.L and to transmit them to subsoil, the pressure on it should not cause settlement.

2.  It should be rigid so that settlements are minimized

3. Foundation should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the building against the damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil

Types of Foundations

Foundations may be broadly classified into 2

1.      Shallow foundations

•   If depth of foundation equal to or less than its width

2.      Deep foundations:

• If depth of foundation equal to or greater than its width 

A.   Shallow Foundations: 

Loads will transfer at shallow depths

1.      Spread footings

2.      Combined footings

3.      Strap Foundation

4.      Mat Foundation

Building Walls

Building walls can be categorized into two types: inner walls and outer walls. Inner walls, also known as partition walls, interior walls, or simply inner walls, protect the house. Outer walls, also known as exterior walls, provide shelter. Here are some other types of building walls:

• 1. Engineering brick walls

These walls are made from clay that has been fired at a high temperature, and are typically used for load-bearing walls.

• 2. Load-bearing walls

These walls are structural walls that hold the weight of the structural elements above them, such as floors, roofs, steel or timber beams, or other walls. They can be made from masonry or timber studs.

• 3. Brick walls

These walls are made from fired clay bricks and are a popular choice for both residential and commercial buildings. They are weather-resistant, durable, and offer excellent thermal mass, which helps regulate indoor temperatures.

• 4. Masonry walls

Also known as cinder block walls or block walls, these walls are made with a combination of masonry blocks and mortar.

• 5. Non-load bearing walls

These walls are used to divide the space inside a house and are often known as partition walls or curtain walls. Since they are not part of the structural frame and are not responsible for support, they can be removed to make room for a more open floor plan.

• 6. Precast concrete walls

Also known as curtain walls, these walls are non-load-bearing and are most commonly used as an enclosure system for a pre-existing structure. Since they don't hold lots of weight or support critical components of the building, they can be replaced and adjusted easily.

• 7. Retaining walls

These walls are relatively rigid and are built to maintain unequal ground levels. They are used to support soil laterally and can be made of RCC or CRS.

A. Construction Site Clearing

Construction site clearing is the process by which a construction site or portion of site is cleared. Clearing prepares the land for new sub divisions, building sites or industrial earthworks.

The first step in any construction project is site clearing.

The clearing process is pretty comprehensive, and involves a number of stages, each with their own challenges and requirements.

The 'things' which must be cleared from site include (but are not limited to) vegetation, trees, soil, unwanted structures and debris.

Clearing vegetation is typically the first stage of the clearing process, beginning with the undergrowth. The undergrowth is more easily cleared and typically frees up space and room for equipment and labour to clear larger vegetation such as trees.

Clearing trees can be a comprehensive task by itself - often requiring multiple steps:

• Cutting the trees down to their stumps

• Removing the stumps

• Removing the roots, which is critically important to prevent future cracking in buildings and concrete

After the flora has been cleared (and any buildings or structures if required), large rocks and other heavy materials are cleared, before any underlying weak points or burrows are filled, often with clay, to create a safe space for beginning works.

The importance of clearing permits

An environmental clearing permit is a permit which must be filled out prior to the commencement of any clearing on site, including trees, shrubs, vegetation, animals and other elements of the surrounding environment.

Creating and documenting your clearing practices and events is a compliance requirement, as well as good practice for your company.

If the clearing of native vegetation (amongst other things) is proposed and your clearing is not eligible for exemption, then a clearing permit is required.

There are often multiple types of clearing permits available to you, depending on the site and area which you are clearing, so it pays to do some preliminary research. For example, in some parts of Australia, there are two different types of permits given out by the government, (1) area permits and (2) purpose permits.

Area permits are apply to permit applicants who own the land, are likely to become the land owner or have written authority to clear the land. An area permit provides for clearing of defined areas specified in that permit - and are typically approved for an extended period of time - such as two years.

Purpose permits can be applied for by people who don't own the land. But they must have specific and written permission to do so.

Ensure your work is safe and compliant by recording a demolition job hazard analysis before any work is undertaken to identify potential hazards and risks and how to mitigate them.

While you may apply for specific permits based on specific sites or works, it pays to always document any clearing activity which takes place on your sites or by your teams with your own standardised clearing permit - whether at the start or during a project.

The clearing permit example below covers a number of critical areas for clearing compliance and record keeping.

B. FOUNDATION