Connecting to the Joro Spider with iNaturalist

Rachel Munro
Miami University
munrora@miamioh.edu

Audience: Formal and informal educators, nature centers, and outdoor parks in the state of Georgia

Common Spiders Found in Georgia

Spider Pictures: Public Domain

Connecting to Spiders

Arachnophobia- extreme or irrational fear of spiders
Definition from Oxford Language

There are about 50,000 different species of spiders. They inhabit every continent on the planet excluding Antarctica. The vast majority of spiders are completely harmless to humans; despite this many people fear or detest spiders. Fear of spiders is the most common animal related phobia in the world. Spider populations have rapidly been declining worldwide due to threats such as: habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and much more. Newly introduced species such as the joro spiders and mobile apps like iNaturalist may generate interest in these arachnids, and bridge the gap between people and spiders.

The Joro Spider

Description

The joro spider (Trichonephila clavata) is native to Japan and Eastern Asia. The adult female is 17mm-25mm in size, and is easily recognized by its yellow and black/blue stripes and red abdomen. The much smaller male (7mm-10mm) will mate with a female in the fall. To find females the males will travel using a technique called ballooning. The male will disperse silk which will allow them to travel by the wind. After mating, the female will spin an egg sack and lay between 400-1200 eggs in a single sack. The juvenile spiders will emerge from the eggs sack in the spring.

The joro spider is an orb-weaver meaning it will build a large web that can reach greater then one meter in size. The webs are usually built on trees or large bushes, but can sometimes be found on people's properties. The purpose of the web is to catch insects which is the joro spider's prey. In turn the spider can be preyed upon by larger animals that will eat invertebrates such as birds.

The joro spider has a venomous bite that can be deadly towards insects, but is relativity harmless towards people. Joro spiders are typically shy and docile around humans. They rarely bite, and only when they feel threatened.

Introduction to the U.S.

The joro spiders (Trichonephila clavata) was first discovered to be in the United States in 2014 in Braselton, Ga ( about 50 miles northeast of Atlanta). It is believed that they were accidently introduced by shipping trucks and containers. Since its initial introduction it has quickly spread across the Southeastern United States, primary in Northeastern Georgia. The spread of the joro spider was tracked by citizen sightings primarily using the online naturalist program, iNaturalist. Based on citizen sightings, the current joro spider's range is estimated to be close to 40,000 per square kilometers. Researchers from the University of Georgia have predicted that the spiders could eventually spread across the entire east coast of the United States, since the spiders can tolerate brief periods of below-freezing temperature.

Impact

Despite its rapid growth, local entomologists do not think that the joro spider will have a negative impact on the native biodiversity. It has been found that the joro spider is one of the few species that will prey on another invasive species, the brown marmorated sink bug (Halyomorpha halys), which can be detrimental to crops. The joro spiders may also be an additional food source to birds and other predators that regularly consume spiders. So far it appears that the largest concern about the joro spider is that it can be considered a mild nuisance due to webs be built on people's houses or on other inconvenient locations, and people accidently walking through the webs.

The joro spider's introduction to the United States is still fairly new and its growth is rapid, because of this there is still a lot that is unknown about how the spider will effect its new ecosystem. Continued monitoring and research should take place, so that more is understood about the joro spider's impact of the biodiversity in the Eastern United States.

@UGA_CollegeofAg

The University of Georgia: College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences

@11Alive

11Alive: local news station

@incitefulnalysis

map showing spread of the joro spider using data collected from iNaturalist

INaturalist

iNaturalist is a joint venture between National Geographic and California Academy of Sciences. It is a web and mobile-base citizen-science/community platform that collects observational data from users with the aim to document biodiversity around the world. iNaturalist is easily accessible and user-friendly to the general public that allows them to get involved in conservation and citizen science.


How it Works

How iNaturalist works is that users upload media of biodiversity that they have observed onto the iNaturalist data portal. The media usually consists of photos, but videos and recordings can also be submitted. When observations are uploaded it is reviewed and identified by a community of users. These users can consist of biologist, amateur naturalist, and citizen scientists.

Education

iNaturalist also serves as an education tool as the user is provided information about their observation. Teacher guides are provided on the website, and students are able to participate in BioBlitz, which allows students to explore local species, make new discoveries, connect to nature, and make contributions towards citizen science. Since the platform is free it is a resource that can be utilized in underfunded schools and in both urban and rural settings.

Citizen Science

Data collected from iNaturalist has been integrated into research programs to better understand biodiversity. Users can participate in projects through iNaturalist by recording observations that biologists can use. Many of the projects include recording rare species and rediscovering presumed extinct or highly endangered species, as well as detecting and tracking the spread of invasive species like the joro spider.

Connecting to Nature

iNaturalist uses a project-based learning approach that encourages its users to get outdoors, and actively engage with nature. They are able to learn about the biodiversity in their local natural areas, neighborhoods, and backyards through a global network of peers, scientists, and nature enthusiasts. By uploading observations and participating in projects, they are making meaningful contributions towards citizen science.

“It exists to allow people to explore biodiversity by connecting with others.”- Carrie Seltzer

Collaborator- Benjamin Frick

Benjamin Frick is a student at the University of Georgia's Odum school of Ecology. He has published a paper that used data collected from iNaturalist to track the growth of the joro spider in the Southeastern United States. I interviewed Benjamin to learn more about the process of using iNaturalist for scientific research and how iNaturalist can connect people to nature and spiders.

Why Care about Spiders?

Ecosystems- spiders play an important role by keeping insect populations under control and being a valuable food resource for numerous wildlife species

Ecosystems Services- spiders benefit humans by consuming insects that spread disease, and are detrimental to agriculture crops and gardens.

Research- spider venom is being researched to treat medical conditions such as cancer, stroke, and chronic pain.

Engineering- useful products such as adhesive bandages, netting, parachutes, and bullet proof clothing have been modeled after spider silk.

Platforms like iNaturalist can help connect people to spiders by sharing information about the species, and creating a community of people. When people are able to connect to spiders their desire to protect them is greater, and protecting spiders protects biodiversity.

All spider pictures used were public domain

References

Joro Spider - Joro Spider Information

A Community for Naturalists · iNaturalist

11Alive. (2022). Georgia's Invasive Joro Spiders could spread along the East Coast, experts say. Georgia's invasive Joro spiders could spread along the East Coast, expert says - YouTube

Beeson, L. (2022). Joro spiders likely to spread beyond the state of Georgia, could colonize the entire East Coast. https://phys.org/new/2022-03-joro-spiders-state-georgia-colonize.html

Davis, A.K. and B.L. Frick. 2022. Physiological evaluation of newly invasive joro spiders (Trichonephila clavata) in the southeastern USA compared to their naturalized cousin, Trichonephila clavipes. Physiological Entomology.

incitefulnalysis. (2021). Mapping the Joro Spider Invasion. Mapping the Jorō Spider invasion - YouTube

Landova, E. et al (2021). Specificity of spiders among fear- and disgust-eliciting arthropods: Spiders are special, but phobics not so much. PLoS ONE, 12(9).

Niemiller, K. et al (2021). Addressing 'biodiversity naivety' through project-based learning. Journal for Nature Conservation. 64(126070).

Nugent, J. (2018). iNaturalist: Citizen science for 21st-century naturalists. ScienceScope.


Seltzer, C. (2020). 46th Hefner Lecure “From invading lanternflies to evolving dragonflies” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_jjU4HITik&t=697s

UGA_Collegeof Ag. (2021). The Joro Spider is Here to Stay. The Joro spider is here to stay - YouTube

Zvarikova, M. (2021). What makes spiders frightening and disgusting to people? Frontiers in ecology and evolution, 9:694569