Tidepool Monitoring for Community-Based Conservation

By Angel Sar

Master's Student, Project Dragonfly

sarma@miamioh.edu

BACKGROUND

What is tidepooling?

Tidepooling is an activity that involves venturing out into an intertidal zone and exploring the flora and fauna that reside there. An intertidal zone, more commonly known as a seashore, is where the ocean meets the land creating a unique habitat as a result. These areas experience a fluctuation of tides daily and the caliber at which these tides advance and retreat can vary seasonally. These natural locations are a great place to expose oneself to marine wildlife and is a low-cost activity that can be fun for all ages. Recommended gear are rainboots (or sandals, weather depending) and clothes that you don't mind getting wet.

Sample Tide Chart

Tide predictions courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration3

Before going out to tidepool, one must first consult the appropriate tidal calendar/chart for their respective area to maximize their chances of seeing the most biodiversity. When the water is at its lowest for the day, most organisms are readily accessible, as they are no longer submerged. The attached tide predictions above are specific to the greater Seattle area where two high tides and two low tides are illustrated in a 24-hour period. The lowest low tide is best for tidepooling and from personal experience, negative water height values can ensure the most success.

As shown in the graphic below, within the intertidal zone are four sub-zones4. These zones are defined by the level at which the water ebbs throughout the day:


  • The spray zone is the highest point where the wave splashes and is home to primarily hard-shelled organisms that can protect themselves from drying out.

  • The high tide zone is submerged during periods of high tide but remains dry and exposed the majority of the day. This zone also houses shelled creatures that can withstand desiccation.

  • The mid-tide zone is the intermediate area that joins the high and low tide zones to provide habitat for an increased variety of invertebrates, algae, and even some fish.

  • The low tide zone is almost always submerged with the exception of the lowest low tides. This area typically has the highest species abundance due to the additional protection provided by the water.


Stock photo

Temperate species you can expect to see:

ALGAE and other plants

  • Sea lettuce

  • Rockweed

  • Turkish towel

  • Eelgrass

INVERTEBRATES

  • Cnidarians (anemones, jellies)

  • Echinoderms (sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers)

  • Mollusks (snails, shellfish, octopuses)

  • Arthropods (crabs, shrimp, barnacles)

FISH

  • Perch

  • Gunnels

  • Sculpins

  • Clingfish

MEGAFAUNA

  • Shorebirds (herons, plovers, pipers)

  • Diving birds (cormorants, alcids)

  • Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions)

  • Mustelids (otters, weasels)

Though a specific species may vary from place to place, we can expect to see the same general groups distributed from Alaska to California due to the water's temperature providing similar habitats throughout this range.

PRIORITZING CONSERVATION

The Pacific Northwest is a dynamic setting that encompasses Puget Sound, a highly productive marine environment that plays an important role in the daily lives of humans and wildlife that inhabit this area. Both ecologically and economically valuable, the Sound is relied on by many and must be conserved as climate change threatens the viability of its future. The general threats that could be potentially damaging here include but are not limited to: ocean acidification, sea level rise, shoreline erosion, and warming temperatures. Examples of specific ecological issues pertinent to this area are listed below. Familiarizing oneself with regional wildlife can aid in monitoring habitats and species, contributing to local conservation efforts.

SSWD has caused sea stars along the coast to "melt" and die off in massive mortality events. Though not much is yet fully understood, this disease progresses quickly in individuals and scientists are working to resolve this.

EWD is caused by a pathogen that takes the form of a protist, Labyrinthula zosterae. This disease proliferates in warming waters and will endanger the health of eelgrass beds as the climate changes.

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These invasive crabs destruct habitats and displace native organisms, causing problems in aquaculture and fisheries, further disrupting the food web. Sightings are to be reported to Washington's Fish & Wildlife Dept.

Some of Seattle's Efforts

University of Washington's Marine Biology course

  • Conducts surveys with students during each course offering to measure species abundance and richness in each tidal zone

Seattle Aquarium Beach Naturalist program

  • Stations volunteers are various beaches during low tide to answer questions and facilitate engagement

  • Encourages people to get out and discover

Technology #1: iNaturalist

iNaturalist1 is a free, global platform for people to connect and learn more about the nature that surrounds them. Data reported here can further inform scientists on the biodiversity of an area, helping us better understand the natural world.

Media: step-by-step photo series demonstrating the use of iNaturalist

  • Can help with identifying species

  • Start a discussion about your findings with others

  • Record-keeping of observations (where, when, what)

  • Personal engagement can be gauged by interactions on the app and participants will be asked to complete a survey (attached below)

Technology #2: Interactive Map

An interactive map created on Google can be used by the public to discover local tidepools in the greater Seattle area. Users are invited to contribute by adding their own favorite sites to inspire others to get out. The addition of markers can be tracked as a proxy for engagement and serve as an interactive forum.

Media: interactive map created in collaboration with volunteer Beach Naturalist, Sara

*interview was recorded on the iPhone Voice Memo app as, she asked not to be video recorded. Interview points are summarized and transcribed below.

Name and title?

“Hi, my name is Sara and I am a volunteer Beach Naturalist through the aquarium.”

How did you first get interested in tidepooling?

“I’ve lived in Seattle all my life and my parents would always take me and my brother to Alki Beach as kids. It’s always been a fun activity but as I’ve gotten older, I’ve become more immersed in the ecological aspect of it and think it’s important to get out and discover the animals we have right outside. Even though I work in an unrelated field, it’s a personal hobby of mine that I enjoy and hope to pass on to my kids like my parents did for me.”

How important is tidepooling in your opinion?

“Now that climate change is ramping up, it’s been really interesting to see the changes throughout these last few decades. I’m seeing less of the species I used to spot all the time and that’s been unfortunate... I remember when the sea stars started melting about ten years ago and they seem to be improving, but I still see cases here and there. It’s really humbling to see the effect that climate change can have on these critters and goes to show that we as a society need to make changes to our habits and lifestyles to help protect them.”

What do you enjoy most about your position?

“As a kid, I started learning a lot about the animals that live here through touching and observing them. Now that I’m well into my 30s, I’m still learning new facts so I can give out the most accurate information possible. I love being able to share that with others, especially the kiddos and watching their eyes light up as they touch an anemone for the first time. I’ve been waiting for that reaction to get old and it still hasn’t yet. It’s amazing.”

Do you have to be an expert to go tidepooling?

“Most definitely not! As a volunteer, I’m there to engage and answer questions but as long as you go out when the tide is at its lowest, you’re golden. It’s surprisingly easy to do and a great activity for families. You’re free to explore at your own pace and there are field guides you can use to help ID species. You can also crowdsource questions on social media and upload pictures to platforms like iNaturalist where people are eager to help.”

Where are some sites that you would recommend in the area?

“I am 100% a creature of habit so I tend to stick with the spots I’m most comfortable with. Like I said, I grew up going to Alki, so Charles Richey Sr. Viewpoint is a personal favorite of mine and I love being stationed there. Seahurst is also a great location and Discovery Park has an adorable lighthouse if you don’t mind a little hike on your way down to the beach. Maybe you could suggest some places up in North Seattle for the map since you’re more familiar with that area than I am.”

What’s your favorite animal to see on the beach?

“I love the crabs! We’ve got kelp crabs, decorator crabs, red rock crabs; my favorite thing is overturning a rock and seeing all the tiny shore crabs scatter about. They’re so cute! I would keep them as pets if I could, but they belong on the beach. It’s really important to remind the people I interact with not to pocket anything because as tempting as it is, it could disrupt the natural order of things.”

Rules of the Pool

Tidepooling etiquette (as adapted from the Seattle Aquarium5)
  • Step carefully

  • Touch organisms with one wet finger

  • If you turn over a rock, make sure to turn it back

  • No souvenirs

  • Take photos, leave footprints

  • Pack in what you pack out

  • Have fun!

IMPLICATIONS OF EXPLORATION

  • Informed monitoring of species can reveal patterns throughout time

    • Report findings to the appropriate outlet

  • Conservation at all levels

    • Species, population, community, ecosystem

  • Encourages people to get outside and familiarize themselves with local marine life

  • Many moving pieces in such a dynamic environment, we must be conscious of as much as we can to help conserve for the future

REFERENCES

1 California Academy of Sciences. (n.d.). iNaturalist. iNaturalist. https://inaturalist.org

2 Graham, O. J., Aoki, L. R., Stephens, T., Stokes, J., Dayal, S., Rappazzo, B., Gomes, C. P., & Harvell, C. D. (2021). Effects of Seagrass Wasting Disease on Eelgrass Growth and Belowground Sugar in Natural Meadows. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.768668

3 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). Tide Predictions - NOAA Tides & Currents. Tides & Currents. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions.html?id=9447130&legacy=1

4 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). What is the intertidal zone? National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/intertidal-zone.html

5 Seattle Aquarium. (n.d.). Beach Naturalist program. https://www.seattleaquarium.org/beach-naturalist-program

6 University of California Santa Cruz. (2022). Sea Star Wasting Syndrome. University of California Santa Cruz. https://marine.ucsc.edu/data-products/sea-star-wasting/

7 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. (n.d.). European green crab. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/invasive/greatest-concern/egc#limiting