Schools aim to cultivate returnee students' 'second culture' An article that looks at the history of returness/kikokushijo, attitudes to them, their experiences when they return to Japan, and schools that aim to help them bridge the gap between their overeas experiences and life in Japan. Japan Times, Aug. 5, 2008.
Home is where hardship is for Japanese returnees An article that looks at the experiences and problems faced by returnees/kikokushijo when they return to Japan. It views Japanese society as being more homogenous than others, making the problems for people returning to Japan worse than for those returning to other countries. Japan Times, April 19, 2005.
Support 21 / さぽうと21 is an volunteer organisation based in Meguro, Tokyo, that provides counselling about living in Japan, scholarships for education, and Japanese lessons for refugees, nikkeijin (descendants of Japanese) and returnees, including those from China, living in Japan. It has developed out of the Association for Aid and Relief which was started in 1979 to help refugees to Japan from Indochina and which has now become an international aid organisation.