Hatching is an artistic technique that involves drawing or painting closely spaced parallel lines to create shading or tonal effects. Artists can control the value of the shading by adjusting the thickness and weight of the lines, as well as the amount of space between them: 

Thin lines and wider spacing: Creates lighter values 

Heavy lines and tighter spacing: Creates darker values 

Cross-Hatching utilizes the same techniques as hatching. BUT cross-hatching is also very much an attitude about drawing and understanding what you see. The lines and marks that make up cross-hatching describe planes of form and begin by following planes of form which are cross-contour lines.

Stippling is a drawing technique that uses small dots to create an image. The artist uses the spacing and thickness of the dots to create different shades and values. For example, to create darker areas, the artist might use more dots that are closer together; for lighter areas, they might use fewer dots that are spaced farther apart. They can also make the dots thicker for darker shades and thinner for lighter shades.

Scumbling is a drawing technique that involves layering small marks to create texture and build value. You can scumble by overlapping many small circles or scribbly lines with a pencil.

Use text to create value.

Examples of Text Portraits