Cell Division

Running Study Guide:

Know the structure of a chromosome, prior to replication (DNA, histones, nucleosomes)
How does the structure of a chromosome differ after replication?
Differentiate the terms chromatin, chromosomes, chromatid, centromere and kinetochore
What are sister chromatids?
The difference between diploid and haploid cells
What are homologous chromosomes?
What a karyotype is and how to create one.
Steps of the Cell Cycle by name, order and events going on within each step.
Be prepared to identify phases of mitosis when given images of cells dividing.
Know what a mitotic index is and be prepared to calculate for a mitotic index given a tissue sample.
Explain how a mitotic index can be helpful when analyzing tissue that is possibly cancerous or under treatment for cancer.
Discuss the roles of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and target proteins with respect to the cell cycle.
Discuss the how cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and target proteins have a role in cancer.
Know the basic checkpoints described on the diagram on page 223 of your book.
Know why cells divide and the reason why they are so small.
Know the phases to Meiosis, by name, order and events that take place in each phase.
Be prepared to discuss the similarities and differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
What is synapsis and when does it happen
WHAT IS A TETRAD? A tetrad is a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together in Prophase 1 and line up along the equatorial plate during Metaphase 1.
The importance of crossing over and independent assortment with respects to variation of gametes (egg & sperm cells)
The difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. What are polar bodies? (3/31 agenda and Meiosis Gizmo)
The difference between sex chromosomes and autosomes
What is non-disjunction and how does it happen? What is the result of non-disjunction?
What is aneuploidy
Review the answer key to the Meiosis Card Sort Activity

Wednesday 4/2/2025

Focus: Meiosis Review / Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis Non-disjunction

Bell Question

1. Name the phase stages on the sheet of paper that was given your group
2. Is this Mitosis or Meiosis? How do you know?
3. How do you differentiate Meiosis 2 from Mitosis?

Today's In-class Tasks

1. We will go over the Bell Question and then discuss the Meowsis STEM Case and the results of this case.
2. Students will then do a review activity on Mitosis and Meiosis.

Assignment

1. Finish reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction.
2. Prepare for your Cell Division Unit Test on Friday, the Study Guide above is complete.
  1. - I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Image 1: Calico Cat

Image 2: Calico Cat Allele Combinations

Monday 3/31/2025

Focus: Meiosis Review / Spermatogenesis vs OogenesisNon-disjunction

Bell Question

1. Clear your desk for a Meiosis Review Card Sort Activity

Today's In-class Tasks

1. We will review the steps of Meiosis as we go over the answers to the card sort activity
  1. - Students will also use the Meiosis Gizmo in the review as well as Images 1 & 2 below
      - Gizmos login
2. We will then discuss aneuploidy with the Extra or Missing Chromosomes webpage and chromosomal mutations with the Chromosomal Rearrangements webpage
  1. - Aneuploidy will also be discussed using the two video below.
    - Examples of Aneuploidy
      - Monosomy Disorders
        Turner's Syndrome (1 - X)
      - Trisomy Autosome Disorders
        Down Syndrome ( 3 - 21)
        Edwards Syndrome ( 3 - 18)
        Patau Syndrome ( 3 - 13)
      - Trisomy Sex Chromosome Disorders
        Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
        XYY Syndrome (XYY)
        Triple X Syndrome (XXX)
3. We will then discuss the Meowsis STEM Case and the results of this case.

Assignment

1. Finish reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction.
2. Prepare for your Cell Division Unit Test on Friday, the Study Guide above is complete.
  1. - I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Gizmos login

Image 1: Independent Assortment

Image 2: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

Video 1: Nondisjunction

Video 2: Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes

Image 3: Calico Cat

Image 4: Calico Cat Allele Combinations

Thursday 3/27/2025

Focus: Why Cells Divide / Meiosis

Bell Question

1. On a piece of scratch paper, and using Image 1 below, determine the
  1. - surface area of each cube (each square on all 3 cubes are equal and each side of a square is 1cm)
    - the volume of each cube
2. Use your answers to #1 of this Bell Question to explain why cells divide?

Today's In-class Tasks

1. Before discussing today's topics we will review:
  1. - the role of cyclins
    - the role of CDKs
    - the role of target proteins
    - Which of the molecules above is an enzyme
    - Which of the 3 molecules can cause cancer.
2. After discussing why body cells divide, I will lecture on Significant Chromosomal Events in Life & the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. Here is a copy of his lecture notes.
3. We will then move into an activity on Meiosis with the chromosome beads.
  1. - Afterwards, students will review what happens meiosis by completing the Meiosis Review Assignment in Google Classroom
4. If any time remains, students will work through the Gizmos Meiosis Gizmo
  1. - Gizmos Student Login

Assignment

1. Complete the Meowsis STEM Case.
2. Begin reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction.
3. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Image 1: Genes, Cell Cycle and Cancer

Image 2:

Video 1: Surface Area, Volume & Life

Tuesday 3/25/2025

Focus: Identifying Steps of Mitosis (continued) / Cancer

Bell Question

1. Place your finished copy of the Eukaryotic Cell and Cancer assignment in the black tray at the front of the room.
2. Review this article you already read Mast Cell Cancer in Dogs so that you can discuss the following questions
  1. - What are Mast Cells?
    - Why are Mast Cell Tumors referred to as "The Great Pretender"?
    - What happens when a tumor metastasizes and why can this be dangerous?

Today's In-class Tasks

1. We are going to discuss the Mitosis Study Lab and go over the answers to Parts 2 & 3 of the Mitosis Study Lab.
2. We are then going to discuss the Bell Question and the answers to the Mitosis and Cancer assignment.
3. This will lead to the roles of cyclins, CDKs and what causes cancer.

Assignment

1. FINISH reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 1 Cellular Reproduction.
  1. - Get this reading and notes done now because the homework is about to amp up.
2. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Image 1: Average Percent of Mitotic Stages in Onion Root Tips

Image 2: Determining Mitotic Index of an Onion Root Sample

Image 3 Cyclins & CDKs

Image 4: Cyclin Levels & The Cell Cycle

Image 5: Roles of Cyclins

Image 6: Checkpoints

Friday 3/21/2025

Focus: Identifying Steps of Mitosis

Bell Question

1. No Bell Question

Today's In-class Tasks

1. Students will complete the Eukaryotic Cell and Cancer assignment.
  1. - You will need to access the Eukaryotic Cell and Cancer - Click and Learn Interactive
    - Once finished students should complete, if not already done:
      1. Parts 2 & 3 of the Mitosis Study Lab.
        Mitosis and Cancer worksheet, given in Google Classroom.
    - Once finished, students can also work on a voacabulary study tool to help learn and differentiate unit vocabulary.

Assignment

1. FINISH reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 1 Cellular Reproduction.
  1. - Get this reading and notes done now because the homework is about to amp up.
2. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Wednesday 3/19/2025

Focus: Identifying Steps of Mitosis

Bell Question

1. With your partners, complete the Mitosis Ordered activity.

Today's In-class Tasks

1. After discussing the Bell Question, we will discuss Part 2 of the Mitosis Study Lab.
2. Students will then complete all parts of the Mitosis Study Lab.
3. If finished early, students will then begin the Mitotic Index and Cancer worksheet, given in Google Classroom.

Assignment

1. Complete the Mitotic Index and Cancer worksheet, given in Google Classroom.
2. FINISH reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 1 Cellular Reproduction.
  1. - Get this reading and notes done now because the homework is about to amp up.
3. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Image 1: Cell Profile

Monday 3/17/2025

Focus: Identifying Steps of Mitosis / Mitosis & Mitotic Index Lab

Bell Question

1. Get the following materials for each table pair. Tables of 3 should get 2 sets of materials.
  1. - 4 red magnet, bead strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 4 yellow magnet, beads strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 2 plastic pieces (centrosomes)
    - 1 White colored pencil

Today's In-class Tasks

1. We will review the steps of mitosis with an interactive, physical activity lead by the teacher. You will need PER TABLE:
  1. - 4 red magnet, bead strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 4 yellow magnet, beads strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 2 plastic pieces (centrosomes)
    - 1 piece of chalk
2. After going through the the mitosis activity, lab partners will then begin working on the Mitosis Study Lab.
  1. - If students finish Part 1 of the Mitosis Study Lab, they should then begin Part 3, not Part 2.

Assignment

1. Continue reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 1 Cellular Reproduction.
  1. - Notes can be taken in any style you prefer.
    - Notes MUST be thorough and complete for extra credit and retake eligibility
2. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

Image 1: Cell Profile

Thursday 3/13/2025

Focus: Identifying Steps of Mitosis

Bell Question

1. We will change seats at the beginning of the block.
2. Read the Learn.Genetics.org page How do scientists read chromosomes? This includes the sections on centromeres.
3. Read the opening paragraph to the Make a Karyotype page and then complete the Karyotype.

Today's In-class Tasks

1. We will discuss karyotypes, homologous chromosomes, haploid vs diploid cells, the cell cycle and the steps to mitosis
  1. - Concepts will be discussed using my DNA Structure & Cell Division Lecture Notes
2. We will review the steps of mitosis with an interactive, physical activity lead by the teacher. You will need PER TABLE:
  1. - 4 red magnet, bead strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 4 yellow magnet, beads strands of equal length (the same number of beads above and below the centromere (magnet))
    - 2 plastic pieces (centrosomes)
    - 1 piece of chalk

Assignment

1. Begin reading and taking notes on Module 9, Lesson 1 Cellular Reproduction.
  1. - Notes can be taken in any style you prefer.
    - Notes MUST be thorough and complete for extra credit and retake eligibility
2. I strongly suggest that you begin making a vocabulary study tool (flash cards, Quizlet, etc.) this unit deals with a lot of vocabulary, especially words that begin with the letter "c".

Supportive Media

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