reviewforteston1750–1900ce

Review for Test on 1750–1900 CE

PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS FOR 1750-1900 ERA TEST

Which of the following statements about slavery in the 19^th C is false.

A. Cuba was one of the last American nations to abolish slavery.

B. Denmark was one of the first European nations to abolish the slave trade.

C. England’s naval power was used to restrict the slave trade.

D. By the end of the 19^th C slavery was entirely abolished.

E. Russia abolished serfdom in 1861.

Which of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution in the 19^th C is FALSE?

A. Worker satisfaction diminished as jobs became repetitive, unskilled, and dangerous.

B. It reduced differences between the social classes.

C. Women and children were desired in the labor force because of their subservience and size.

D. It contributed to a dramatic change or even breakdown of family and village life.

E. It triggered an economic expansion.

2. The artwork shown above most likely is from which period?

A. Baroque.

B. Neo-Classical.

C. Romantic.

D. Impressionism.

E. Post-Impressionism.

7. Which of the following societies did not create or unify their peoples into a nation or new identity during the 19^th and early 20^th C.?

The Zulus of South Africa.
Bismarck’s Germany.
Meiji Japan.
Cavour’s Italy.
Toussaint’s Haiti.

6. What Western intellectual would have endorsed the following statement? "History is shaped by the available means of production and who controlled them leading to inevitable class conflict."

A) Kari Marx

B) Vladimir Lenin

C) John Locke

D) Adam Smith

E) Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of responses to foreign domination in the 19^th C?

A. Reforms and industrialization by the Russian czars.

B. Defensive modernization by Siam and Ethiopia.

C. The Boxer and Taiping Rebellions in China.

D. Japan’s isolationism under Meiji rule.

E. The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Joining the club

In the cartoon above who is trying to join this club?

A. China

B. Japan

C. Korea

D. Manchuria

E. Siam

Which of the following descriptions best illustrates what kind of "club" this is?

A. Imperialist

B. Syncretic

C. Liberal

D. Totalitarian

E. Conservative

25. Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the nineteenth century?

A. the Ottoman Empire

B. Latin America

C. Africa

D. India

E. Russia and Japan

By the outbreak of World War I, which of the following African nations remained free?

A. Chad and Algeria

B. Liberia and Nigeria

C. Algeria and Ethiopia

D. Ethiopia and Liberia

E. Nigeria and Chad

Which of the following statements about India under British control is false?

A. It was a geographic expression rather than a unified culture.

B. It was divided by historic animosities between Hindus and Muslims.

C. Several hundred thousand British controlled millions of the Indians.

D. Labor was so necessary, that workers were not sent as coolies overseas.

E. Its agricultural production increased while industrial output decreased.

Which of the following is an accurate description of political reform in Asia in the late 19^th C and early 20^th C?

A. Japan’s Meiji Restoration aimed at reforming and modernizing the country using traditional Shinto methods.

B. Muhammad Ali modernized Egypt without help of European advisors or experts.

C. Iran’s Constitutional Revolution tried to free it from foreign manipulation by writing a code of laws.

D. Mongkut and Chulalongkorn modernized Siam with aid from the Japanese.

E. The Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire aimed to liberalize the economy but keep society the same.

Which of the following statements about Latin America in the late 19^th C is false?

A. Caudillos established dictatorships in many nations.

B. Economic booms were fueled by the export of raw materials.

C. Large landholders and urban businessmen prospered at the cost of the indigenous population and former slaves.

D. Economic dependency and manipulation by western nations was avoided.

E. Most attempts at political consolidation and union failed.

26. Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is accurate?

A. Neither Russia nor Japan successfully industrialized prior to 1914.

B. Japan and Russia achieved economic autonomy, but failed to participate in the colonial scramble for power.

C. Russia and Japan not only industrialized by World War I, but also achieved parity with the West's economic core position in the world trade network.

D. Both Russia and Japan had programs of industrialization underway by 1914, and had some imperial activity.

E. Both staunchly resisted the Western push toward industrialization.

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the passage below and on your knowledge of World History.

“It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye. . . .” — Charles Dickens, Hard Times

48. The author of this passage is describing conditions caused by the

Commercial Revolution.
French Revolution.
Industrial Revolution.
Scientific Revolution.
Russian Revolution.

49. Which problem is the subject of this passage?

Economic inequality.
Urban pollution.
Lack of child labor laws.
Poor transportation systems.
Lack of unions.

63. Which of the following statements concerning the impact of the West on other civilizations is most accurate?

A. By the end of the nineteenth century, the West was the primary cause of the destruction of many global civilizations.

B. The West, dating back to the ancient world, had always been the primary cause of the destruction of other global civilizations.

C. Despite the growth of scientific knowledge and military technology through the nineteenth century, nomadic peoples continued to be the primary cause of the fall of civilizations.

D. While the West had a clearly demonstrable impact on Islam and China by the nineteenth century, the other global civilizations declined as a result of the incursion of other peoples.

E. Other civilizations were quick to Westernize.

77. Which of the following was not a problem that plagued Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia?

a. Both native and foreign financial interests adopted an anti-free-trade policy.

b. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small group of people.

c. They were too reliant on one crop.

d. Foreign investors owned and controlled the plantations.

e. They depended too heavily on exporting primary products with no industrialization.

76. Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

a. remained backward economically because they relied entirely on exporting primary goods.

b. industrialized and eventually out-produced and out-competed the western Europeans.

c. exported primary goods but also underwent economic development and industrialization.

d. never industrialized.

e. relied on a socialist mode.

5.Which of the following is an accurate comparison of forms of nationalism in the late 19th to early 20th C?

A. Both Egypt and Nigeria formed political parties with nationalist aspirations held by members who shared the same language and religion.

B. Indigenous beliefs and non-violent practices were the norm for all nationalist movements.

C. The US helped the Philippine nationalists defeat Spanish rule and realize their goals for self-rule, while it forced the Cubans to submit to US occupation.

D. Men, who had studied overseas in Western countries and were articulating Enlightenment ideas, led all nationalist movements.

E. Japan’s nationalism led it to reform its government and economy, and embark on an imperial campaign, while China’s nationalism did not immediately result in reform.

19. Which of the following best describes what 19^th C liberals sought to accomplish?

A. Reconstruct the great ancient empires of Europe

B. Limit democratic reform and secular influence

C. Limit state power and expand the rights of individuals

D. Implement tariffs to protect domestic industries

E. Establish political and economic equality

42. Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to 1850 is the most accurate?

Most of Latin America was divided up into units that mirrored the colonial viceroyalties.
The excellent colonial road system enabled the creation of larger states after independence.
Permanent consolidation and union was more typical of Central America and southern South America than elsewhere.
Most attempts at consolidation and union failed.
Large landholders and urban businessmen shared power with workers and peasants.

42. Which of the following was a reason that England was the first country to industrialize?

A. It lacked river transportation network.

B. It had no political or economic stability.

C. It had failed to increase its agricultural productivity through enclosures.

D. It was already heavily urbanized.

E. It had access to natural resources like coal necessary for industrialization.

43. During the nineteenth century,

F. the Atlantic slave trade reached its peak.

G. almost 80 percent of the total number of slaves exported left Africa.

H. the British established sole control over the export of slaves from Africa.

I. slavery was under attack, but the volume of trade to Cuba and Brazil remained high.

J. all Atlantic slave areas experienced increasing slave populations due to high levels of slave fertility.

47. Which of the following states was the least multiethnic and multicultural in the nineteenth century?

A. Ottoman.

B. Tokugawa.

C. Qing.

D. United States of America.

E. Russian.

52. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding ecological changes in the time period from 1750-1914?

A. Industrialization affected cities by causing a decrease in population and pollution.

B. Droughts magnified the impact of market forces.

C. Industrializing lands experienced ecological degradation for the first time ever.

D. The cultivation of tea and rubber drastically changed the countryside of places like Russia and Canada.

E. Environmental conditions like those seen in El Niño were not yet detected by the available technology.

60. “If there are any Southern barbarians who propagate the teachings of the [Christian] priests, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison…” Which government might have said this during the 18th to early 19th C?

A. Mauryan India

B. Yuan China

C. Tudor England

D. Tokugawa Shogunate

E. Moorish Spain

57. Which of the following is an example of nationalism in the 19th C?

A. Latin American independence movements.

B. Bismarck’s plan to unite most British-speaking people into a single state.

C. The new French National Identity movement.

D. The Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in China.

E. Spain’s unification into a nation-state under Garibaldi’s leadership.

“Your honorable nation takes away the products of our Central Land, and not only do you thereby obtain food and support for yourselves, but moreover, by reselling these products to other countries you reap a threefold profit. Now if you would only not sell opium, this threefold profit would be secured to you: how can you possibly consent to forego it for a drug that is hurtful to men, and an unbridled craving after gain that seems to know no bounds!”

35. The quotation above comes from an 1839 letter addressed

A. to the president of the United States from a Filipino nationalist.

B. to the Ottoman sultan from a Russian minister.

C. to the king of Portugal from a Indian raja.

D. to the king of the Netherlands from a Burmese noble.

E. to the British monarch from a Chinese official.

“Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power in the earth to provide subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. . . .” — Thomas Malthus, “Essay on Population,” 1798

37. The prediction above proved to be wrong in part because of increases in

1. ethnic cleansing.

2. farm productivity.

3. the number of wars.

4. the number of droughts.

20. Which of the following best describes the impact imperialism had on colonized women?

A. Everywhere it reduced women to virtual slaves.

B. It released women from some burdens, but produced others.

C. Everywhere it greatly enhanced women’s status and well-being.

D. It reinforced all cultural norms and kept women in their traditional roles.

E. It generally had no impact on women at all.

61% 66% 33. Which of the following beliefs is associated with the concept of “modernization” or “westernization”?

A. Development was a matter of decreasing per capita production in any society

B. The more industrialized and urbanized any society became, the fewer social improvements were possible as traditional attitudes were abandoned.

C. As development occurred, the country would progress towards more democratic forms of government.

D. Education played no role in modernization.

54. Which of the following is NOT an example of an effect that imperialism had on state formation and contraction?

The contraction of the Ottoman Empire via the creation of independent states.
The formation of the successful new nation of Hawaii.
The contraction of the Ottoman Empire given the European acquisition of several of its territories.
The development of new communal identities like Filipino or Liberian nationalism.

55% 71% 4. Which of the following is a similarity between the Taiping Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration?

A. Both resulted in the successful overthrow of existing governmental powers.

B. Both had as goals removing foreign control from the countries.

C. The Taiping Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration are two names for the same event.

D. Both resulted in foreign occupation.

48% 24% 19. The artwork shown above could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT

A. Neoclassical art.

B. Greek art.

C. Renaissance art.

D. Impressionistic art.

30% 24. The artwork shown above is a reflection of which of the following?

A. Impressionistic art adopted by Asian societies after colonization.

B. Resurgence of the Roman Empire.

C. European influence in the Americas, even after independence.

D. Greek influence on Ottoman society, before independence.

67% 3. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding social structures in the Western world in the time period from 1750-1900?

A. Education was denied to women at all levels of society throughout this entire time period.

B. By 1900, the lot of children in industrialized countries had not improved whatsoever from the start of industrialization.

C. The non-elites were now divided into middle and proletariat classes.

D. Serf and slave emancipation markedly improved their lives and working conditions.

55% 7. Which is an accurate comparison of the roles and conditions of the classes of women in Western Europe?

A. All women were expected to work to help maintain their family economically, and suffered under the harsh working conditions.

B. All women got involved in the suffrage movement, advocating for new rights, the vote, and equality under the law.

C. Only the upper class women did not have to work for a living, while the rest (middle, peasant and working classes) all had to labor in some fashion to help support their families.

D. Upper/middle class women were ruled by the new “cult of domesticity,” while peasants/working class women were limited by working conditions and poverty.

39% 63% 26. Early European imperial societies with indirect approaches to rule

A. often left the old ruling families in charge of day-to-day administration.

B. totally disrupted the indigenous cultural systems of Africa and India.

C. displaced the ruling classes within all indigenous social hierarchies.

D. led to the creation of large middle classes in Africa and Asia.

82% 51% 39. Which of the following is an example of migrations that took place for the first time during the period from 1750-1900?

A. Spanish traveling to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.

B. British traveling to India.

C. Europeans traveling to Japan.

D. East Asian or South Asians traveling to South America.

PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS FOR 1750-1900 ERA TEST

Which of the following statements about slavery in the 19^th C is false.

F. Cuba was one of the last American nations to abolish slavery.

G. Denmark was one of the first European nations to abolish the slave trade.

H. England’s naval power was used to restrict the slave trade.

I. By the end of the 19^th C slavery was entirely abolished.

J. Russia abolished serfdom in 1861.

Which of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution in the 19^th C is FALSE?

F. Worker satisfaction diminished as jobs became repetitive, unskilled, and dangerous.

G. It reduced differences between the social classes.

H. Women and children were desired in the labor force because of their subservience and size.

I. It contributed to a dramatic change or even breakdown of family and village life.

J. It triggered an economic expansion.

2. The artwork shown above most likely is from which period?

F. Baroque.

G. Neo-Classical.

H. Romantic.

I. Impressionism.

J. Post-Impressionism.

7. Which of the following societies did not create or unify their peoples into a nation or new identity during the 19^th and early 20^th C.?

The Zulus of South Africa.
Bismarck’s Germany.
Meiji Japan.
Cavour’s Italy.
Toussaint’s Haiti.

6. What Western intellectual would have endorsed the following statement? "History is shaped by the available means of production and who controlled them leading to inevitable class conflict."

A) Kari Marx

B) Vladimir Lenin

C) John Locke

D) Adam Smith

E) Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of responses to foreign domination in the 19^th C?

F. Reforms and industrialization by the Russian czars.

G. Defensive modernization by Siam and Ethiopia.

H. The Boxer and Taiping Rebellions in China.

I. Japan’s isolationism under Meiji rule.

J. The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Joining the club

In the cartoon above who is trying to join this club?

F. China

G. Japan

H. Korea

I. Manchuria

J. Siam

Which of the following descriptions best illustrates what kind of "club" this is?

F. Imperialist

G. Syncretic

H. Liberal

I. Totalitarian

J. Conservative

25. Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the nineteenth century?

F. the Ottoman Empire

G. Latin America

H. Africa

I. India

J. Russia and Japan

By the outbreak of World War I, which of the following African nations remained free?

F. Chad and Algeria

G. Liberia and Nigeria

H. Algeria and Ethiopia

I. Ethiopia and Liberia

J. Nigeria and Chad

Which of the following statements about India under British control is false?

F. It was a geographic expression rather than a unified culture.

G. It was divided by historic animosities between Hindus and Muslims.

H. Several hundred thousand British controlled millions of the Indians.

I. Labor was so necessary, that workers were not sent as coolies overseas.

J. Its agricultural production increased while industrial output decreased.

Which of the following is an accurate description of political reform in Asia in the late 19^th C and early 20^th C?

F. Japan’s Meiji Restoration aimed at reforming and modernizing the country using traditional Shinto methods.

G. Muhammad Ali modernized Egypt without help of European advisors or experts.

H. Iran’s Constitutional Revolution tried to free it from foreign manipulation by writing a code of laws.

I. Mongkut and Chulalongkorn modernized Siam with aid from the Japanese.

J. The Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire aimed to liberalize the economy but keep society the same.

Which of the following statements about Latin America in the late 19^th C is false?

F. Caudillos established dictatorships in many nations.

G. Economic booms were fueled by the export of raw materials.

H. Large landholders and urban businessmen prospered at the cost of the indigenous population and former slaves.

I. Economic dependency and manipulation by western nations was avoided.

J. Most attempts at political consolidation and union failed.

26. Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is accurate?

F. Neither Russia nor Japan successfully industrialized prior to 1914.

G. Japan and Russia achieved economic autonomy, but failed to participate in the colonial scramble for power.

H. Russia and Japan not only industrialized by World War I, but also achieved parity with the West's economic core position in the world trade network.

I. Both Russia and Japan had programs of industrialization underway by 1914, and had some imperial activity.

J. Both staunchly resisted the Western push toward industrialization.

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the passage below and on your knowledge of World History.

48. The author of this passage is describing conditions caused by the

Commercial Revolution.
French Revolution.
Industrial Revolution.
Scientific Revolution.
Russian Revolution.

49. Which problem is the subject of this passage?

Economic inequality.
Urban pollution.
Lack of child labor laws.
Poor transportation systems.
Lack of unions.

63. Which of the following statements concerning the impact of the West on other civilizations is most accurate?

F. By the end of the nineteenth century, the West was the primary cause of the destruction of many global civilizations.

G. The West, dating back to the ancient world, had always been the primary cause of the destruction of other global civilizations.

H. Despite the growth of scientific knowledge and military technology through the nineteenth century, nomadic peoples continued to be the primary cause of the fall of civilizations.

I. While the West had a clearly demonstrable impact on Islam and China by the nineteenth century, the other global civilizations declined as a result of the incursion of other peoples.

J. Other civilizations were quick to Westernize.

77. Which of the following was not a problem that plagued Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia?

a. Both native and foreign financial interests adopted an anti-free-trade policy.

b. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small group of people.

c. They were too reliant on one crop.

d. Foreign investors owned and controlled the plantations.

e. They depended too heavily on exporting primary products with no industrialization.

76. Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

a. remained backward economically because they relied entirely on exporting primary goods.

b. industrialized and eventually out-produced and out-competed the western Europeans.

c. exported primary goods but also underwent economic development and industrialization.

d. never industrialized.

e. relied on a socialist mode.

5.Which of the following is an accurate comparison of forms of nationalism in the late 19th to early 20th C?

F. Both Egypt and Nigeria formed political parties with nationalist aspirations held by members who shared the same language and religion.

G. Indigenous beliefs and non-violent practices were the norm for all nationalist movements.

H. The US helped the Philippine nationalists defeat Spanish rule and realize their goals for self-rule, while it forced the Cubans to submit to US occupation.

I. Men, who had studied overseas in Western countries and were articulating Enlightenment ideas, led all nationalist movements.

J. Japan’s nationalism led it to reform its government and economy, and embark on an imperial campaign, while China’s nationalism did not immediately result in reform.

19. Which of the following best describes what 19^th C liberals sought to accomplish?

F. Reconstruct the great ancient empires of Europe

G. Limit democratic reform and secular influence

H. Limit state power and expand the rights of individuals

I. Implement tariffs to protect domestic industries

J. Establish political and economic equality

42. Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to 1850 is the most accurate?

Most of Latin America was divided up into units that mirrored the colonial viceroyalties.
The excellent colonial road system enabled the creation of larger states after independence.
Permanent consolidation and union was more typical of Central America and southern South America than elsewhere.
Most attempts at consolidation and union failed.
Large landholders and urban businessmen shared power with workers and peasants.

42. Which of the following was a reason that England was the first country to industrialize?

A. It lacked river transportation network.

B. It had no political or economic stability.

C. It had failed to increase its agricultural productivity through enclosures.

D. It was already heavily urbanized.

E. It had access to natural resources like coal necessary for industrialization.

43. During the nineteenth century,

F. the Atlantic slave trade reached its peak.

G. almost 80 percent of the total number of slaves exported left Africa.

H. the British established sole control over the export of slaves from Africa.

I. slavery was under attack, but the volume of trade to Cuba and Brazil remained high.

J. all Atlantic slave areas experienced increasing slave populations due to high levels of slave fertility.

47. Which of the following states was the least multiethnic and multicultural in the nineteenth century?

A. Ottoman.

B. Tokugawa.

C. Qing.

D. United States of America.

E. Russian.

52. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding ecological changes in the time period from 1750-1914?

A. Industrialization affected cities by causing a decrease in population and pollution.

B. Droughts magnified the impact of market forces.

C. Industrializing lands experienced ecological degradation for the first time ever.

D. The cultivation of tea and rubber drastically changed the countryside of places like Russia and Canada.

E. Environmental conditions like those seen in El Niño were not yet detected by the available technology.

A. Mauryan India

B. Yuan China

C. Tudor England

D. Tokugawa Shogunate

E. Moorish Spain

57. Which of the following is an example of nationalism in the 19th C?

F. Latin American independence movements.

G. Bismarck’s plan to unite most British-speaking people into a single state.

H. The new French National Identity movement.

I. The Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in China.

J. Spain’s unification into a nation-state under Garibaldi’s leadership.

35. The quotation above comes from an 1839 letter addressed

A. to the president of the United States from a Filipino nationalist.

B. to the Ottoman sultan from a Russian minister.

C. to the king of Portugal from a Indian raja.

D. to the king of the Netherlands from a Burmese noble.

E. to the British monarch from a Chinese official.

37. The prediction above proved to be wrong in part because of increases in

5. ethnic cleansing.

6. farm productivity.

7. the number of wars.

8. the number of droughts.

20. Which of the following best describes the impact imperialism had on colonized women?

A. Everywhere it reduced women to virtual slaves.

B. It released women from some burdens, but produced others.

C. Everywhere it greatly enhanced women’s status and well-being.

D. It reinforced all cultural norms and kept women in their traditional roles.

E. It generally had no impact on women at all.

61% 66% 33. Which of the following beliefs is associated with the concept of “modernization” or “westernization”?

E. Development was a matter of decreasing per capita production in any society

F. The more industrialized and urbanized any society became, the fewer social improvements were possible as traditional attitudes were abandoned.

G. As development occurred, the country would progress towards more democratic forms of government.

H. Education played no role in modernization.

54. Which of the following is NOT an example of an effect that imperialism had on state formation and contraction?

The contraction of the Ottoman Empire via the creation of independent states.
The formation of the successful new nation of Hawaii.
The contraction of the Ottoman Empire given the European acquisition of several of its territories.
The development of new communal identities like Filipino or Liberian nationalism.

55% 71% 4. Which of the following is a similarity between the Taiping Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration?

E. Both resulted in the successful overthrow of existing governmental powers.

F. Both had as goals removing foreign control from the countries.

G. The Taiping Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration are two names for the same event.

H. Both resulted in foreign occupation.

48% 24% 19. The artwork shown above could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT

E. Neoclassical art.

F. Greek art.

G. Renaissance art.

H. Impressionistic art.

30% 24. The artwork shown above is a reflection of which of the following?

E. Impressionistic art adopted by Asian societies after colonization.

F. Resurgence of the Roman Empire.

G. European influence in the Americas, even after independence.

H. Greek influence on Ottoman society, before independence.

67% 3. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding social structures in the Western world in the time period from 1750-1900?

E. Education was denied to women at all levels of society throughout this entire time period.

F. By 1900, the lot of children in industrialized countries had not improved whatsoever from the start of industrialization.

G. The non-elites were now divided into middle and proletariat classes.

H. Serf and slave emancipation markedly improved their lives and working conditions.

55% 7. Which is an accurate comparison of the roles and conditions of the classes of women in Western Europe?

E. All women were expected to work to help maintain their family economically, and suffered under the harsh working conditions.

F. All women got involved in the suffrage movement, advocating for new rights, the vote, and equality under the law.

G. Only the upper class women did not have to work for a living, while the rest (middle, peasant and working classes) all had to labor in some fashion to help support their families.

H. Upper/middle class women were ruled by the new “cult of domesticity,” while peasants/working class women were limited by working conditions and poverty.

39% 63% 26. Early European imperial societies with indirect approaches to rule

E. often left the old ruling families in charge of day-to-day administration.

F. totally disrupted the indigenous cultural systems of Africa and India.

G. displaced the ruling classes within all indigenous social hierarchies.

H. led to the creation of large middle classes in Africa and Asia.

82% 51% 39. Which of the following is an example of migrations that took place for the first time during the period from 1750-1900?

E. Spanish traveling to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.

F. British traveling to India.

G. Europeans traveling to Japan.

H. East Asian or South Asians traveling to South America.

Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900

Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism

I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.

A. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production: Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean; the geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber; European demographic changes; urbanization; improved agricultural productivity; legal protection of private property; an abundance of rivers and canals; access to foreign resources; and the accumulation of capital.

B. The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The “fossil fuels” revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.

C. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

D. As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the rest of the world (such as the United States, Russia or Japan).

E. The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.

F. The changes in the mode of production also stimulated the professionalization of sciences (such as medicine or engineering) and led to the increasing application of science to new forms of technology.

II. New patterns of global trade and production developed that further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount of goods produced in their factories.

A. The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources (such as cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat or guano). The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

B. The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies (such as textile production in India).

C. The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods (such as British and French attempts to “open up” the Chinese market during the 19th century).

D. The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers (such as copper mines in Mexico or gold and diamond mines in South Africa).

III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.

A. Financial instruments expanded (such as stock markets, insurance, gold standard or limited liability corporations).

B. The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses (such as bicycle tires, the United Fruit Company or the HSBC–Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation).

C. The ideological inspiration for these financial changes lies in the development of laissez-faire capitalism and economic liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.

IV. There were major developments in transportation and communication, including railroads, steamships, telegraphs and canals [Suez Canal].

V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.

A. In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society (such as Utopian socialism, Marxism or anarchism).

B. In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production.

C. In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization (such as the economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, China’s Self Strengthening Movement or Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt).

D. In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments attempted to prevent rebellions by promoting various types of reforms (such as state pensions and public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage in Britain, or public education in many states).

VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.

A. New social classes, including the middle class and the proletariat, developed.

B. Family dynamics, gender roles and demographics changed in response to industrialization.

C. Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community.

Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires.

A. States with existing colonies (such as the British in India or the Dutch in Indonesia) strengthened their control over those colonies.

B. European states (such as the British, Dutch, French, German or Russian), as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

C. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa (such as Britain in West Africa or Belgium in the Congo).

D. In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies (such as the British in southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand; or the French in Algeria).

E. In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism (such as the British and French expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars, or the British and the United States investing heavily in Latin America).

II. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.

A. The expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan.

B. The United States, Russia and Qing China emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories.

C. Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire (such as the establishment of independent states in the Balkans; semi-independence in Egypt, French and Italian colonies in North Africa; or later British influence in Egypt).

D. New states (such as the Cherokee Nation, Siam, Hawai’i or the Zulu Kingdom) developed on the edges of an empire.

E. The development and spread of nationalism as an ideology fostered new communal identities (such as the German nation, Filipino nationalism or Liberian nationalism).

III. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism [and racism].

Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.

A. Enlightenment thinkers (such as Voltaire or Rousseau) applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life.

B. Enlightenment thinkers critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.

C. Enlightenment thinkers (such as Locke or Montesquieu) developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights and the social contract.

D. Enlightenment thinkers also challenged existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom.

II. Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.

A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments (such as the Wahhabi rebellion against the Ottomans, the challenge of the Marathas to the Mughal Sultans, the Chinese revolution of 1911 or the Russian Revolution of 1905).

B. American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent nation-states in the United States, Haiti and the mainland nations of modern Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy. These revolutions reflected the ideals of the Enlightenment in writings: the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and the Jamaica Letter.

C. Slave resistance (such as the establishment of Maroon societies) challenged existing authorities in the Americas (such as in Brazil, Cuba or the Guyanas).

o Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements (such as the Indian Revolt of 1857, the Mahdist Revolt or the Boxer Rebellion or the Iranian Constitutional Revolution).

D. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism (such as the Taiping Rebellion, the Ghost Dance or the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement).

E. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies (such as the Tanzimat movement, the Self-Strengthening Movement or the Reform of Bismarckian Pension Systems).

IV. The global spread of Enlightenment thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.

A. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of new political ideologies: liberalism, socialism and communism.

B. Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies (such as Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Olympe de Gouges’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen,” or the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848).

Key Concept 5.4. Global Migration

I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.

A. Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population [new birthrate patterns].

B. Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century.

II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.

A. Many individuals (such as manual laborers or specialized professionals) chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.

B. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.

C. While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies (such as Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas or Italians in Argentina).

III. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations.

A. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

B. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves (such as concentrations of Chinese or Indians in different parts of the world), which helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.

C. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders (such as the Chinese Exclusion Act or the White Australia Policy).

Kinds of questions:

· Identifying and understanding the periodization of this era:

o Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 1750-1914 as a period;

o Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the Industrialization, revolutions)

· Understanding the debates (both sides) over diverse interpretations in history:

· What are the debates over the utility of modernization theory as a framework for interpreting events in this period and the next?

· What are the debates about the causes of serf and slave emancipation in this period, and how do these debates fit into broader comparisons of labor systems?

· What are the debates over the nature of women’s roles in this period, and how do these debates apply to industrialized areas, and how do they apply in colonial societies?

· What are the debates over the causes of European/British technological innovation versus development in Asia/China?

· Identifying what is being show in an image – maps (movements of people or belief systems); the culture, society or belief system being represented in the art; purposes in the kinds of monumental architecture in the various societies. [Go back over PowerPoints] – consider the rise of Western dominance culturally and artistically, as well as African and Asian influences on European art and vice versa.

· Making comparisons across societies or belief systems (even across time periods):

· Compare the causes of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and Japan

· Compare the timing and effects of the Industrial Revolution in different societies.

· Compare two of the following revolutions: Haitian, American, French, Mexican, and Chinese)

· Compare the forms of western intervention in Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia during this time period

· Compare reaction to foreign interference in: the Ottoman Empire, China, India, Southeast Asia and Japan

· Compare nationalism in the following pairs: China and Japan, Egypt and Italy, Cuba and the Philippines, Pan Africanism and the Indian Congress Movement

· Compare the roles and conditions of elite women in Latin America with those in Western Europe before 1850 (also those in the working classes/peasantry).

1750-1914 Era Test Practice Questions

Also have a copy of this on Edline for Northwood students as Google Docs was not working well with me tonight!