In this second term, we are going to focus on the art of critical thinking. You probably hear teachers talk about it a lot, but what does it actually mean? Lots of people (including your lecturers) have different views on what critical thinking is and what they're looking for from students, so be prepared to be flexible! However, there are three things that will always help you to be critical in your writing:
Formulate an argument
Demonstrate wider reading
Choose your words carefully
Last term we looked at formulating a stance and a thesis statement in week four, and in weeks eight, nine and ten we practised demonstrating wider reading by using our own language to report what other people say, and to comment on what they've said.
We'll continue to refine these skills in the second term, but our first few writing classes are going to look closely at language use, including word choice and structures, that help us develop our own voice and opinions.
Our first lesson looks at telling the difference between a fact and opinion. This is something that's easy at first but hard to master because many people, and especially academics, are good at using language subtly to present opinions as facts.
From the fact and opinion quiz on page two of the preparation materials, what are the main differences between a fact and an opinion?
Share the notes you made while reading the DiAngelo article on page 2:
What kind of language is she using? Does she present her claims as being her own opinion or as being facts?
Note down three of her claims that would need to be supported by evidence.
Can you find any examples of hedging in her language?
In week six last term we looked at several claims and identified which ones would need supporting evidence. Providing evidence in this way makes our writing more credible and convincing. However, there are some topics where it is still difficult to get people to agree on facts. Some examples are below. Discuss for each one the extent to which they are factually true, and what evidence would prove this.
Human activity is causing changes to the Earth's climate.
We all exist inside a computer controlled simulation.
The police are racist.
The 2020 U.S. election was stolen from Donald Trump.
Intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.
New 5G telecoms technology is spreading Covid 19.
An election or referendum outcome was influenced by a foreign government.
The human species evolved from apes through natural selection.
Vaccines are dangerous.
In week 10 of last term's writing classes, we introduced the idea of hedging your language, e.g.:
Koreans eat spicy food
Koreans tend to eat spicy food
Koreans tend to eat spicier food than Hungarians.
What effect does hedging language have on how likely people are to agree with you?
2. On page 3 of the preparation materials we looked at the effect of reporting verbs and attitudinal adverbs on our writing. What other examples of this kind of language is there that would indicate an opinion? Review the writing session from week 8 last term to help you.
Choose from one of the topics we've discussed above, and write and upload a short paragraph (approximately 100 words ) which conveys your view on the topic. The paragraph should have:
a clear structure
supporting evidence where possible
appropriate reporting verbs
appropriate hedging language.