Practice Stimulus-Based SAQ

So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. … The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation. … Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man. … Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man… In such condition… the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. …

THE final cause, end, or design of men… of getting themselves out from that miserable condition of war which is necessarily consequent, as hath been shown, to the natural passions of men when there is no visible power to keep them in awe, and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their covenants, and observation of those laws of nature. … The only way to erect such a common power…is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men… and therein to submit their wills, every one to his will, and their judgements to his judgement. This is more than consent, or concord; it is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up, thy right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.

Excerpt from The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, 1651.