1.1. M.ヴェーバーの官僚制研究の問題領域

　M.ヴェーバー(1864-1920)の「官僚制」は，近代組織のプロト・タイプ，合理的な組織の基本構造である．「組織」を想定するとき，「官僚制」，「官僚制組織」を避けられない．それがどのような組織かは，ヴェーバーの「合法的支配」の研究から導かれる．

　ヴェーバーの『経済と社会(Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft)』(Weber, 1921(初版);1976)は，本文だけで945頁ある未完の研究書である．その官僚制に関連する部分の日本語の翻訳版としては，その第１部第2章が「経済行為の社会学的基礎概念」(SS.31-121)，第１部第3章と第4章が『支配の諸類型』(SS.122-180)，第2部第9章が『支配の社会学』(SS.541-632;633-734)，第2部第1章と第7章が『法社会学』(SS.181-198; 387-513)として，それぞれ分冊出版されている．

「官僚制」の意味・構造・論理は『支配の諸類型』(ウェーバー, 1970)と『支配の社会学Ⅰ・Ⅱ』(ウェーバー,1960;1962)で論考され，「官僚制」は「合法的支配」の最も合理的な支配の純粋型である(Weber,1976:551;ウェーバー,1960:33)．「官僚制」の合理性は，合理性のサブ・カテゴリーとして「形式合理性」と「実質合理性」が想定され，その二つの合理性のカテゴリーの矛盾関係は『法社会学』(Weber,1976:396-397;ウェーバー,1974:104-105)と「経済行為の社会学的基礎概念」(Weber,1976:44-45;ウェーバー,1975:330-332)で論究され，官僚制の合理性が何を意味するか理解する必要がある．さらに官僚制理論のヴェーバー自身の問題提起が明記される「新秩序ドイツの議会と政府：官僚制度と政党組織の政治的批判」(ウェーバー,2005:319-383)を検討し，その問題提起の内容を確認する必要がある．そうでなければ「官僚制組織」の理解は皮相的となる．

　本研究の視点からすれば，M.ヴェーバーの「官僚制理論」の解明のためには，不朽の名著『法社会学』と政治論文「新秩序ドイツの議会と政府」の解読を推奨する．

Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy: A Key to Understanding Modern Organizations

Max Weber (1864-1920) considered bureaucracy to be the prototype of modern organizations and the basic structure of rational organizations. When we think of "organizations," we cannot avoid the concepts of "bureaucracy" and "bureaucratic organizations." The nature of these concepts can be derived from Weber's study of "legal domination."

Weber's Work on Bureaucracy: 

Weber's unfinished magnum opus, Economy and Society (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft) (Weber, 1921(first edition); 1976), contains 945 pages of text. The Japanese translations of the sections related to bureaucracy are:

Chapter 2 of Part 1: "Sociological Basic Concepts of Economic Action" (SS. 31-121)

Chapters 3 and 4 of Part 1: Types of Domination (SS. 122-180)

Chapter 9 of Part 2: The Sociology of Domination (SS. 541-632; 633-734)

Chapters 1 and 7 of Part 2: Legal Sociology (SS. 181-198; 387-513)

The Meaning, Structure, and Logic of Bureaucracy: 

The meaning, structure, and logic of bureaucracy are discussed in Types of Domination (Weber, 1970) and The Sociology of Domination I & II (Weber, 1960; 1962). Bureaucracy is the purest type of rational domination in "legal domination" (Weber, 1976:551; Weber, 1960:33).

Formal and Substantive Rationality: 

Weber's concept of rationality distinguishes between "formal rationality" and "substantive rationality." The contradictory relationship between these two categories of rationality is explored in Sociology of Law(Weber, 1976:396-397; Weber, 1974:104-105) and "Sociological Basic Concepts of Economic Action" (Weber, 1976:44-45; Weber, 1975:330-332). It is crucial to understand the meaning of bureaucratic rationality.

Weber's Problematization of Bureaucracy: 

To gain a deeper understanding of Weber's theory of bureaucracy, it is necessary to examine his own problematization of the concept in "Parliament and Government in New Order Germany: A Political Critique of Bureaucracy and Party Organization" (Weber, 2005:319-383). This will help us avoid a superficial understanding of "bureaucratic organizations."

The Importance of Legal Sociology and "Parliament and Government in New Order Germany": 

From our perspective, it is essential to consider Sociology of Law, a classic masterpiece, and "Parliament and Government in New Order Germany" to interpret and clarify Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy. Neglecting these works would result in a limited understanding of bureaucracy.

Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy provides a valuable framework for understanding the structure and dynamics of modern organizations. By examining Weber's work in detail, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complex and multifaceted nature of bureaucracy.